Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Pediatric Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) afflicts 2% to 4% of children and adolescents, who
suffer from persistent, unwanted thoughts and repetitive behaviors. One of the most
effective treatments of OCD is cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), yet researchers do not
know how CBT affects the brain. In this study, brain scans will be performed to determine
concentrations of several neurometabolites, which are chemicals involved in providing energy
to the brain. Of particular importance are the neurometabolites glutamine and glutamate,
which, in addition to providing energy to the brain, are among the most common excitatory
neurotransmitters. Disruption of glutamine and glutamate is thought to be related to OCD. By
examining where in the brain levels of glutamate and glutamine change, researchers will
attempt to determine whether CBT modifies brain activity, whether a circuit targeted by
researchers is affected by CBT, and how brain activity in people with OCD differs from that
of people without the disorder in terms of the targeted circuit.

Children and adolescents ages 8 through 17 with OCD will be randomly assigned to either
receive a 12-week CBT intervention or be placed on a waiting list for 8 weeks before
receiving the 12-week intervention. A group of non-OCD participants in the same age group
will be used as a control. All groups will undergo magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging
(MRSI), which will measure the concentrations of neurometabolites in multiple brain regions.
The control group and the group initially given the CBT intervention will be scanned upon
entry of the study and after 12 weeks. The group initially placed on a waiting list will be
scanned three times: once upon entry, once after the 8-week waiting period, and once after
the 12-week CBT intervention. To determine which participants are benefitting from the
treatment, the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale and other clinical and neurocognitive
measures will be administered concurrently with each brain scan.

Inclusion Criteria:

- Meets DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for OCD as primary diagnosis, based on the Anxiety
Disorders Interview Schedule (ADIS) Clinical Severity Rating

- Clinical Global Impressions severity score of at least 4, reflecting moderately ill
or worse status

- Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale total score of greater than or equal
to 16

- No medication for OCD or other psychiatric condition in the past 4 weeks and no use
of fluoxetine for the past 6 weeks

- Child is fluent in English

- Parental informed consent and child or adolescent informed assent forms are signed

- For females of childbearing potential a negative pregnancy test will be required for
study entry

Exclusion Criteria:

- IQ of less than 80 on the Wechsler Abbreviated Scales of Intelligence

- A lifetime DSM-IV diagnosis of pervasive developmental disorder, mania, psychosis,
conduct disorder, or substance dependence assessed through ADIS

- Current DSM-IV diagnosis of major depressive disorder or attention deficit
hyperactivity disorder any subtype, assessed through an ADIS rating of 4 or higher

- Any serious psychiatric, psychosocial, or neurological condition, such as a tic
disorder, non-OCD anxiety, aggression, or family discord, that requires immediate
treatment other than that provided in the current study

- One or more failed adequate trials of exposure-based CBT, defined as at least 10
sessions of therapist-assisted, exposure-based CBT with which the patient voluntarily
complied

- More than one failed selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor trial adequate in dose
and duration, defined as at least 8 weeks of treatment with at least 20 mg of
fluoxetine, 20 mg of paroxetine, 75 mg of sertraline or fluvoxamine, or 75mg of
clomipramine

- Any body metal (other than dental fillings), pregnancy, or other contraindications to
MRSI scan