A Multi-site Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Regional and General Anesthesia for Effects on Neurodevelopmental Outcome and Apnea in Infants

This is a prospective, observer blind, multi-site, randomized, controlled, equivalence trial.
The general anesthesia group will receive sevoflurane (intervention drug) for induction and
maintenance of general anesthesia, dose up to 8% inspired for duration of procedure plus
bupivacaine local anesthetic blockade (up to 2.5 mg per kg) administered via caudal or
ilioinguinal nerve block. The airway can be maintained with a face mask, laryngeal mask or
endotracheal tube, with or without neuromuscular blocking agents.

The regional group will have no sedative agent. The regional blockade may be with spinal
alone, spinal block with caudal block, spinal with ilioinguinal block or caudal alone. The
maximum dose of 2.5 mg per kg of bupivacaine can be used.

Inclusion Criteria:

- Any infant scheduled for unilateral or bilateral inguinal hernia repair (with or
without circumcision)

- Any infant whose gestational age is 26 weeks or more (GA = 182 days)

- Any infant whose post-menstrual age is up to 60 weeks (PMA = 426 days)

Exclusion Criteria:

- Any child older than 60 weeks post-menstrual age

- Any child born less than 26 weeks gestation

- Any contraindication to general or spinal/caudal anesthesia (for example:
neuromuscular disorder or coagulopathy)

- Pre-operative ventilation immediately prior to surgery

- Congenital heart disease that has required ongoing pharmacotherapy

- Known chromosomal abnormality or any other known acquired or congenital abnormalities
(apart from prematurity) which are likely to affect development

- Children where follow-up would be difficult for geographic or social reasons

- Families where English is not the primary language spoken at home

- Known neurological injury such as cystic periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), or grade
3 or 4 intra ventricular hemorrhage (ICH) (+/- post hemorrhage ventricular dilation)

- Previous exposure to volatile anesthesia or benzodiazepines as a neonate or in the
third trimester in utero.