Effectiveness of a Parent Training Program for Parents of Children Adopted Internationally

Children adopted internationally by parents in the United States often experience
institutional care prior to adoption. Early institutional care may lead to inattention,
deficits in inhibitory control, and insecure attachments in children. Many of these problems
persist even after the child is adopted. This study will test the effectiveness of a parent
training program called Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-up for Children Adopted
Internationally (ABC-I). This program is designed to enhance children's ability to regulate
their attention, behavior, and physiology and to develop secure, organized attachments to
their parents.

Participation in this study will begin when the child participant is between 12 and 20 months
old, and it will end when the child is 4 years old. Participants, who will include parents
and their adopted child, will meet with the study researchers 3 times before receiving the
training program intervention, twice in their home and once at the research site. During
these visits, the background and medical history of the child participant will be reviewed.
Participants will then be randomly assigned to receive 1 of 2 parent training programs: ABC-I
or Developmental Education for Families (DEF). Both programs will involve 10 weekly sessions,
each lasting 60 to 90 minutes and occurring in the parents' homes. The DEF training program
will focus on enhancing the intellectual and language development of the child participant,
but it will not train parents to pay attention to and interpret their children's cues. The
ABC-I training program will involve videotaping parents while they interact with their
children, reviewing the videotapes, discussing strategies for interacting with children, and
completing homework assignments.

Participants will undergo assessments before and after the training programs and at follow-up
visits when each child turns 2, 3, and 4 years old. Assessments will be made of sensitivity
in parents and of inattention, inhibitory control, attachment quality, and cortisol
production in children. Parent sensitivity will be measured by observing parent-child
interactions and coding them according to a pre-existing scale. Child inattention and
inhibitory control will be measured through observing each child's behaviors on various
structured tasks, such as watching a video with a distracter present or being told to wait to
open a wrapped gift. Attachment will be measured through observation of child behavior and
through parent ratings and diaries. Cortisol production will be measured through a saliva
sample, collected via cotton swab. When children are 4 years old, they will also be evaluated
for diagnosable behavioral disorders. For a subset of children, cheek swabs will be collected
at age 5-6 for the assessment of telomere length.

Inclusion Criteria:

- Adopted a child internationally

Exclusion Criteria:

- Child has known serious medical condition, such as cerebral palsy