Pulmonary Complications of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

The development of pulmonary complications after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is
responsible for significant morbidity and mortality. The incidence of pulmonary disease has
been reported to be as high as 50% of all patients that undergo transplant. The most common
manifestation of early onset lung disease is idiopathic pneumonia syndrome. This can occur
in autologous and allogeneic transplants, with an incidence between 5% and 10% and a
mortality rate as high as 74%(1). Late onset pulmonary disease may be even more frequent and
has been reported between 10-24% in recipients of allogeneic HSCT(2-4). Additionally, a
recent study demonstrated 26% of patients develop airflow obstruction after transplant and
this was correlated with mortality(5). One quite useful classification system divides late
onset pulmonary disease into bronchiolitis obliterans and interstitial pneumonia(4).
Interstitial pneumonia is a condition characterized by diffuse infiltrates, often with
lymphocyte predominance, and associated with restrictive defects on pulmonary function
testing. Bronchiolitis obliterans is characterized by progressive airflow obstruction and a
normal radiograph (except possibly associated air trapping). The incidence of bronchiolitis
obliterans after HSCT varies widely, but is usually reported to be between 1% and 11%(6-8),
although the presence of post HSCT obstructive airway disease was reported at 26% in a
recent large study(5). Late onset pulmonary diseases are often treated with increased
immunosuppression, but the prognosis is poor with limited response to therapy(9; 4).

Inclusion Criteria:

1. All patients scheduled to undergo hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT)

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Patients whose ability to give informed consent is in question.

2. Pregnancy.