Evaluating a Telemedicine Smoking Cessation Program in Rural Primary Care Practices

People who live in rural areas are more likely to smoke cigarettes than people who live in
urban and suburban areas. However, many smoking cessation resources and programs may not be
available to residents of rural areas. Toll-free tobacco telephone quitlines are proven to
help people stop smoking and are available to almost everyone living in the United States,
but only 1% to 5% of smokers actually use them. Another option for helping people stop
smoking may involve having doctors provide smoking cessation programs in their offices or
clinics; however, most doctors' offices do not have the resources to provide this type of
service. Telemedicine provides medical information over the phone or through the Internet by
using various technologies, including Webcams or video conferencing equipment. It has been
used successfully to provide psychiatric care and addictions counseling, but there have been
no studies that have examined the effectiveness of a telemedicine smoking cessation program.
The purpose of this study is to compare the effectiveness of a telemedicine smoking
cessation program that takes place in a doctor's office versus the effectiveness of a
traditional telephone quitline smoking cessation program among rural smokers.

The study will be conducted at 25 rural doctors' offices in Kansas. Participants will be
randomly assigned to participate in a telephone quitline program or a telemedicine program.
Participants in the telephone quitline program will receive four sessions of telephone
quitline counseling from smoking cessation counselors over an 8-week period. Participants in
the telemedicine program will receive four sessions of telemedicine counseling from smoking
cessation counselors over an 8-week period, which will be delivered through two-way Webcams
at computers in the doctors' offices. All participants will receive educational handouts and
individually tailored quit plans, including information on smoking cessation medications. At
baseline and Months 3, 6, and 12, all participants will take part in telephone interviews
with study researchers to assess smoking habits. At baseline and Month 12, participants will
mail a saliva sample to researchers for the purposes of determining the level of nicotine in
the body.

Inclusion Criteria:

- Smokes cigarettes every day

- Smokes five or more cigarettes per day

- Has smoked cigarettes for at least 1 year before study entry

- Has a home address and phone number

- Willing to participate in phone assessments

- Willing to be assigned to either of the two study programs

Exclusion Criteria:

- Pregnant or breastfeeding

- Another household member is enrolled in the study

- Moving out of the area of residence in the 14 months after study entry

- Primary care provider is not participating in the study

- Use of other forms of tobacco products (e.g., cigars, spit, snuff) in addition to
cigarettes

- Use of a smoking cessation medication