Increasing Cure Rate of Hepatitis C Therapy in Obese Hepatitis C Patients

This study is designed to be an interventional, prospective, randomized, double-blinded
case-control clinical trial. Procedures will be done in the Center for Liver Diseases, 9'Th
floor of Kaufmann medical building, UPMC, USA. This study will also be carried out in
National Liver Institute, Egypt.

For treatment-naïve patients, we are targeting 32 subjects for each group; however, we are
going to include 37 in each group to allow for estimated drop-outs rate of 15%. Subjects will
be randomly assigned to 4 groups as follows: Group 1 includes non-obese controls (BMI < 25).
They will receive one session of dietary and behavioral education. Groups 2, 3 and 4 include
obese subjects (BMI ≥ 30). Group 2 includes obese controls who will receive one session of
dietary and behavioral education. Groups 3 and 4 will receive up to 6 weekly sessions
followed by 12 monthly sessions of dietary and behavioral education. Orlistat and placebo
will be prescribed for Groups 3 and 4 respectively.

For non-responders and releasers to previous anti-hepatitis C therapy who have BMI ≥ 25
(overweight or obese), subjects will be randomized to groups 5 and 6 and will receive same
treatment as groups 3 and 4, respectively. Their results will be compared to the historic
controls results.

Screening procedures:

Verifying the eligibility of patients for participation in the study will be done through
reviewing data in medical history, physical examination and investigations included in the
patients' medical records. Acquired immuno-deficiency syndrome (AIDS) status of the
participating subject will be determined by reviewing HIV ELISA screening test, reported in
the subject's medical records as well. Measurements of weight and height (for BMI
calculation) will be taken and recorded during the initial clinic visit at the center for
liver diseases for all patients who agree to participate and fulfill the inclusion and
exclusion criteria. Weight measure will be taken while patient is in light underwear and
without shoes, while standing with his arms lying alongside the body, and in apnea fixed at
midexpiratory phase while height measure will be taken by a wall-mounted stadiometer and
recorded to the nearest cm.

Experimental procedures:

Subjects will be randomly grouped into groups by simple randomization method. One of the
investigators will pick one folded paper out of a plastic bag that contains folded papers
labeled on the folded side with the number of the group.

Further randomization will be done in the pharmacy by the same way to include treatment naïve
candidates to groups 3 and 4 and to include treatment non naïve candidates to groups 5 and 6.
Therefore, study team will be blinded from type of drug which the candidate will receive,
whether Orlistat or placebo, respectively.

Groups 1 and 2 as control groups will receive one session of dietary and physical education,
and then they will start receiving standard hepatitis C treatment.

Groups 3, 4, 5 and 6 as interventional groups will receive up to 6 sessions of dietary and
physical education after which they will start receiving their standard hepatitis C
treatment. Groups 3 and 4 will be encouraged to attend up to 12 monthly meetings (along side
the monthly visits for their standard viral hepatitis therapy) at the health education room
of center for liver diseases, to check dietary diaries and patient records of physical
activity, discuss any related issues, reinforce and encourage compliance to dietary and
physical exercise recommendations. The dietary and physical education (given through up to 6
weekly sessions and subsequently up to 12 monthly follow-up meetings) will be presented. It
will be based on previously reported (Kelley et al. 2004) lifestyle modifications and dietary
regulation program that includes healthy food selections, emphasizing reduced fat consumption
(<=30% of daily calories) and restriction of portions to create a daily negative energy
balance of ~500 kcal/day. Participants will be encouraged to start with 10 minutes of
physical activity such as walking or cycling then gradually increase the activity duration up
to 30 minutes. The dietitian will provide each subject with diary for daily recording of
dietary intake.

Orlistat (60 mg capsules, three times daily, before meals)will be prescribed for groups 3 and
5. Placebo will be administered for groups 4 and 6. Orlistat or Placebo will be given for 3
to 6 weeks prior to and during the 48 weeks of the standard anti-viral therapy. Pill counts
will be obtained monthly to monitor medication compliance.

Stress assessment will be done for the study candidates through a stress specific
questionnaire before the start of the study and every 12 weeks afterwards.

Stool samples will be taken from all patients before they start Interferon therapy and every
12 weeks on therapy. Stool samples will be stored at -80 degree Celsius for future PCR study
of fecal micro flora.

Follow-up procedures:

Virological and biochemical responses will be followed as clinically indicated by clinical
provider. Anthropometric measures of obesity such as measurements of weight, height (for BMI
calculation), waist circumference, hip circumference, skin fold thickness and mid-arm
circumference will be monthly followed and recorded. Midarm circumference and triceps skin
fold thickness will be measured on the left arm midway between the tip of the acromion and
the tip of olecranon and was recorded to the nearest 5 cm. Skin fold thickness will be
measured at triceps. Waist circumference will be measured midway between iliac crest and
lowest rib margin, and hip circumference at the level of the greater trochanters (Han et al.
2001).

Inclusion Criteria:

- 18 years or older

- positive diagnosis of hepatitis C, by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR

- scheduled to start treatment of hepatitis C by peg interferon and ribavirin

- agreeing to give a written consent to participate in this study.

Exclusion Criteria:

- patients under 18 years of age

- refusal to give a consent to participate in the study

- history of recreational drug or alcohol use in the preceding 6 months

- pregnancy by hCG pregnancy testing which will be done prior to and monthly during the
12 month hepatitis C therapy and for 6 months following the end of treatment

- plan for pregnancy during the study period

- failure to adhere to contraceptive methods

- HIV disease

- evidence of cirrhosis or confirmed hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), evidence of
decompensated liver disease or presence of other liver diseases such as hepatitis B,
hemochromatosis, autoimmune hepatitis and Wilson disease

- Patients will be removed from the study if they develop severe side effects to IFN
(e.g marked depression, autoimmune reactions like thyroiditis, aplastic anemia..),
severe side effects to ribavirin (e.g. marked hemolysis) or intolerance of
Orlistat/placebo (e.g. allergic reaction, diarrhea, flatulence..) and withdrawal of
the consent.