Effects of Sulforaphane (SFN) on Immune Response to Live Attenuated Influenza Virus in Smokers and Nonsmokers

Schedule of visits:

Prior to the screening visit, subjects will be asked to avoid cruciferous vegetables (list
will be provided to them), corticosteroids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications
for 1 week prior to the initial visit and again for 1 week prior to all remaining visits.
They will to also be asked to avoid antioxidant vitamins as well as juices/drinks with added
vitamin supplements for 2 days prior to enrollment through study completion.

Baseline screening: obtain informed consent, review medical history, concomitant
medications, vital signs (VS's), urine collection for analysis of cotinine and SFN
metabolites for all subjects and urine pregnancy test for females of child bearing potential
(all female subjects unless they are s/p oophorectomy), physical exam by study MD, complete
symptom scoring, collect nasal lavage, and nasal biopsy (both nares), buccal swab collection
and venipuncture (up to 75 cc's) will be performed for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
test, baseline SFN level, immune mediators and SFN-induced gene expression changes. Food
diaries will be provided with instructions for subjects at this visit

After successful completion of the screening, the subject will be randomized to receive
broccoli sprout homogenates or alfalfa sprout homogenates during the next 4 study visits.
Subjects will return 2-4 weeks after screening for 5 daily sequential visits (Monday through
Friday).

Monday (Day -1): VS's, review of concomitant medications, urine collection for analysis of
cotinine and SFN metabolites for all subjects and Hcg for females of child bearing
potential, nasal lavage, observed ingestion of initial dose and continue food diaries
started 3 days prior.

Tuesday (Day 0): VS's, symptom/adverse event evaluation, review of concomitant medications,
urine collection for analysis of cotinine and SFN metabolites, observed ingestion of 2nd
dose, NL, administration of LAIV, continue food diaries.

Wednesday (Day 1): VS's, symptom/adverse event evaluation, review of concomitant
medications, urine collection for analysis of cotinine and SFN metabolites, observed
ingestion of 3rd dose, NL and continue food diaries.

Thursday (Day 2): VS's, symptom/adverse event evaluation, review of concomitant medications
and observed ingestion of 4th dose. Two hours after ingestion, urine collection for
analysis of cotinine and SFN metabolites, venipuncture (up to 10 cc's for SFN level), nasal
biopsy (left nare) and NL will be performed. Continue food diaries.

Friday (Day 3): VS's, symptom/adverse event evaluation, review of concomitant medications,
urine collection for analysis of cotinine and SFN metabolites, NL, continue food diaries.

Day 7 (+/- 1 day): VS's, symptom/adverse event evaluation, review of concomitant
medications, urine collection for analysis of cotinine and SFN metabolites, nasal biopsy
(right nare), NL, continue food diaries.

Day 21 (+/- 1 week): VS's, symptom/adverse event evaluation, review of concomitant
medications urine collection for analysis of cotinine and SFN metabolites, NL, venipuncture
(up to 45 cc's) for immune mediators as well as SFN-induced gene expression changes and
anti-influenza antibody level, collect completed food diary

Inclusion Criteria:

- Healthy adults, age 18-40 yr who are either nonsmokers OR smokers (> 0.5 pack/day);

- Willing to avoid corticosteroids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications for 1
week prior to study entry and again for 1 week prior to all remaining visits;

- Willing to avoid antioxidant vitamins and cruciferous vegetables as well as
juices/drinks with vitamin supplements added for 2 days prior to Day (-1) of the
protocol and throughout the subsequent study.

Exclusion Criteria:

- Symptomatic allergies requiring medications for at least a 2 week interval during the
past year;

- Respiratory infection (cough, sore throat, sinusitis, fever etc) within prior 4
weeks;

- Current nutritional disorder such as anorexia, bulimia, irritable bowel syndrome,
Crohn's disease etc;

- Pregnancy or nursing;

- Asthma (other than wheezing occurring only in childhood); immunodeficiency (HIV or
other); or any chronic medical condition that, in the opinion of the investigator,
would preclude subject participation;

- Current use of immunosuppressive drugs;

- History of fainting or feeling severely dizzy with blood draws;

- History of hypersensitivity, especially anaphylactic reactions, to egg proteins,
gentamicin, gelatin, or arginine or with adverse reactions to previous influenza
vaccinations;

- History of Guillain Barre syndrome;

- Smokers who have abnormal lung function on pulmonary function testing at the time of
screening (FVC and FEV1 < 80% of that predicted based on subject age, gender, height
and race);

- Subjects who will be unable to avoid contact with immunocompromised individuals for 3
weeks after receiving LAIV vaccine;

- Receipt of any type of influenza vaccine since August 2009;

- Diagnosed influenza illness since August 2009;

- History of intolerance of or aversion to broccoli.