A Pilot for a Case-Control Study of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Western Kenya

This pilot study will assess the feasibility of completing the first formal case-control
study to examine etiologic factors for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) in Kenya
and will be conducted in Western Kenya, a high-risk area for ESCC.

Esophageal cancer causes over 380,000 deaths per year and ranks as the sixth leading cause
of cancer death worldwide. Two primary cell types, squamous cell carcinoma and
adenocarcinoma, account for most cases. Although the rates of esophageal adenocarcinoma have
risen rapidly in the United States and elsewhere, ESCC still accounts for 80% of all
esophageal cancer cases in the world. Many of these cases occur in high-risk areas with
sharp geographic boundaries within China, Iran, a small region of South America, South
Africa, and Kenya. Studies of ESSC in economically developed countries, such as the US,
point to smoking tobacco, heavy alcohol drinking, poor diets deficient in fresh fruits and
vegetables, and low socioeconomic status as the main etiologic factors. Other independent
risk factors may include being male and being African-American. Smoking tobacco and heavy
alcohol consumption do not explain the incidence rates in the high-risk regions because
these habits are less common and less intensely practiced in these high-risk areas compared
to the low risk area. Also, in highrisk areas the incidence rates are similar in men and
women despite differences in the rates of tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking. Therefore,
it is important to consider a wide range of etiologic factors to explain the high rates of
cancer in these populations.

Tenwek Hospital is a 300 bed mission hospital located in Bomet District, Rift Valley
Province, approximately 200 miles from Nairobi in the west of Kenya. Tenwek serves as a
primary health care facility for approximately 400,000 people, and it has become a referral
center for a broader population. ESCC is the most common malignancy seen at Tenwek Hospital
and the patients show a very unusual age distribution with 10% of cases less than or equal
to 30 years of age.

We will conduct a pilot for a case-control study of ESCC at Tenwek Hospital, recruiting
people that live within 50 km of the hospital. Initial pilot testing showed that neither
hospital-visitor controls nor general-population controls were practical control sources. We
now plan to test the feasibility of collecting 50 hospital-based non-cancer patient
controls. We will then enroll 50 cases and 50 additional hospital-based non-cancer patient
controls to test all aspects of our protocol. We will ship the biological samples collected
from these individuals to the US and test their suitability for our intended assays. All
subjects will be interviewed using a structured questionnaire and will be asked to provide
biological samples including blood and urine. Environmental risk factors (including
lifestyle, habits, and diet) will be assessed through questionnaires.

- Cases:

INCLUSION CRITERIA:

1. Consent to participate in the study

2. Pathologically diagnosed with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma at Tenwek Hospital,
Bomet Kenya

3. Primary residence within 50 kilometers of Tenwek Hospital, Bomet Kenya

EXCLUSION CRITERIA:

1. Does not consent to participation in the study

2. Mental impairment that precludes consenting to or completing the study questionnaire

Controls:

INCLUSION CRITERIA:

1. Consent to participation in the study

2. No previous history of malignancy

3. Primary residence within 50 kilometers of Tenwek Hospital, Bomet Kenya

EXCLUSION CRITERIA:

1. Does not consent to participation in the study

2. Mental impairment that precludes consenting to or completing the study questionnaire