En Pareja: A Latino Couples Intervention to Help Expectant Fathers Quit Smoking
| Status: | Archived |
|---|---|
| Conditions: | Smoking Cessation |
| Therapuetic Areas: | Pulmonary / Respiratory Diseases |
| Healthy: | No |
| Age Range: | Any |
| Updated: | 7/1/2011 |
| Start Date: | September 2008 |
| End Date: | July 2013 |
Smoking among Latino males living in the U.S. is a significant public health problem, one
that can contribute to disparities in life expectancy and increase mortality. Latinos smoke
at the same rate as White males but are less likely than Whites to quit. Interventions do
not reach Latino smokers because many speak only Spanish and previous interventions have had
notable limitations. First, most have recruited volunteers, so hard-to-reach Latino smokers
likely did not participate. Second, cessation effects were short-term only. Third, no
program has attempted to boost Latino cessation rates by capitalizing on a "teachable
moment", a time when quitting may seem especially relevant. To address these deficits, we
propose to conduct a teachable moment intervention trial for Latino smokers. We will attempt
to capitalize on the potential teachable moment of Latinas' pregnancy as an impetus for
Latinos' cessation. We will include couples, rather than just men, to sustain intervention
effects. We will partner with community leaders to develop an intervention based primarily
on Social Cognitive Theory, the Teachable Moment Model, and the Cognitive-Behavioral Couple
Therapy Model. Some elements will be at the individual level to help Latinos quit smoking
and others will be couple-based to improve communication and reduce stress in the postpartum
relationship. The program will be culturally sensitive to Latino values, such as familismo,
valuing of and duty to the family and personalismo, valuing warm personal relationships. We
will recruit Latino couples (n=420) into a Guia (control) arm in which men receive a
culturally appropriate smoking cessation guide, and a couple-based smoking cessation
counseling arm.
Hypothesis 1: Latino expectant fathers who receive couple-based counseling to quit smoking
will be more likely to be abstinent from smoking at 28 weeks in pregnancy and 12 months
postpartum than Latino expectant fathers who receive a self-help smoking cessation guide.
Hypothesis 2: Couple-based counseling will improve mediators, such as couple communication
about smoking, self-efficacy, outcome expectancies, stress levels, risk perceptions,
emotion, and self-image, which in turn, will increase cessation rates among Latino expectant
fathers.
Hypothesis 3: Couples in the counseling arm will have a greater increase in cessation during
pregnancy and early postpartum and a lower decrease in cessation at 6 and 12 months
postpartum than couples in the Guia arm.
BACKGROUND & SIGNIFICANCE Latino men are just as likely to smoke as non-Hispanic White men;
[CDC, 2004] however, few smoking cessation programs have shown long term effects among
Latinos. Further, many Latinos cannot enter traditional smoking cessation programs because
they do not speak English. To be effective, programs should capitalize on a "teachable
moment". [McBride, 2003] Pregnancy has been shown to be a teachable moment for women to
quit smoking; whether it is a teachable moment for partners has not been explored.
Including Latinas and intervening with the couple might help sustain cessation effects long
term. The aim of this randomized controlled trial is to compare a culturally tailored
intervention to a minimal intervention (self-help smoking cessation guides or Guia) in
promoting and sustaining smoking cessation among expectant Latino fathers during pregnancy
and postpartum.
DESIGN & PROCEDURES
When describing this study to the pregnant women, we will explain that half of the couples
will be randomly assigned to receive face-to-face counseling plus a self-help cessation
guide (Guia) while the other half will receive the self-help smoking cessation guide only.
When a woman agrees to have us meet with her and her husband/partner, we will send her home
with two consent forms, one for her and one for her husband/partner, along with a small gift
for the upcoming baby. We also will set up a time and place to meet the couple for their
initial data assessment. We will not collect information about legal status of patients.
The counseling intervention will include six contacts, three in pregnancy and three
postpartum. We will have a face-to-face group session in the second trimester followed by a
booster call to both men and women two weeks later. Then we will meet with couples again in
the third trimester. We will have a counseling call to men and women at around 6 weeks
postpartum, then a group counseling session at around 8 weeks postpartum and then a final
counseling call one month later. To minimize the focus on the men, which might be culturally
insensitive among Latinos, we also will help women improve their nutrition during pregnancy
(e.g., increase fruits and vegetables) so both couple members will have health behaviors to
change.
Sample size considerations A total of 500 couples will be randomized to the two arms within
strata defined by whether this is their first pregnancy. The primary objectives are to test
whether there are arm differences in the proportion of fathers who are abstinent from
smoking at 28 weeks of pregnancy (time 1) and at 12 months postpartum (time 2). We expect
attrition rates among fathers of 20% and 30% at time 1 and time 2, respectively; dropouts
will be imputed to be non-abstinent in an intention-to-treat analysis. The chi-square test
for a difference in two proportions will be used to test the null hypotheses of no
difference in abstinence rates between the two arms. The overall one-sided alpha level will
be controlled at 0.025 by conducting each test at a one-sided alpha of 0.0125. Based on
Nevid and colleagues' previous study that compared counseling to pamphlets,[Nevid, 1997] we
anticipate abstinence rates of 10% and 5% in the Guia only arm at time 1 and time 2,
respectively. The alternative hypotheses are that the arm difference at time 1 will be 15%
(25% versus 10%) and at time 2 will be 10% (15% versus 5%). A sample of size 420 was
selected to have at least 90% power for each alternative hypothesis. For the effect at time
2 to have 90% power, the effect at time 1 is overpowered at 97%. It is assumed that the arm
effects of 25% versus 10% at time 1 and of 15% versus 5% at time 2 consider those
participants who dropout and have their outcomes imputed to be non-abstinent. Thus, under
the alternative hypotheses, the probabilities of response among just those 80% and 70% who
do not drop out are (31% versus 13%) and (21% versus 7%), respectively.
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