Brain Imaging Study of Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorders

Objective: The goal of this protocol, broadly stated, is to evaluate the effects of the
neuropeptides oxytocin and vasopressin on the neural systems involved in social cognition and
emotional processing in healthy volunteers and individuals with autism spectrum disorders
(ASD).

Study population: The research participants will be adult healthy volunteers and adults with
ASD (ages 18-40 years).

Design: This will be a double-blind cross-over functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
study, requiring three visits in addition to a screening visit. At each visit, participants
will receive an intranasal application of oxytocin, vasopressin, or placebo and will be
scanned while performing social cognition tasks and tasks involving the processing of
affective stimuli. Drug order will be randomized across participants in each group (healthy
controls and individuals with ASD).

Outcome measures: The outcome measures will include both performance scores and reaction
times (RTs) on the behavioral tasks and changes in blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD)
activation in the brain, in both healthy volunteers and patients with ASD. Our main brain
region of interest will be the amygdala.

- INCLUSION CRITERIA:

Healthy Controls:

Age between 18 years and 40 years.

Blood Pressure (BP) less than 140/90

Normal EKG.

Menstrual phase: Female participants will be tested only during the follicular phase of
their menstrual cycle (defined as days 6-12 after the first day of the last menstrual
period).

Patients:

A diagnosis of autism, Asperger s disorder, or PPD NOS.

IQ > 80.

Age between 18 years and 40 years.

Blood Pressure (BP) less than 140/90

Normal EKG.

Menstrual phase: Female participants will be tested only during the follicular phase of
their menstrual cycle (defined as days 6-12 after the first day of the last menstrual
period).

EXCLUSION CRITERIA:

Healthy Controls:

Impaired hearing.

Head trauma with loss of consciousness in the last year or any evidence of functional
impairment due to and persisting after head trauma.

Having a known risk from exposure to high magnetic fields (e.g. participants with pace
makers) or having metallic implants (e.g. braces) in the head region (likely to create
artifact on the MRI scans).

Past or present psychiatric, neurological, or severe chronic medical illness. This includes
the absence of substance abuse histories, learning disabilities and all DSM IV disorders.
The investigators will evaluate medical histories. Potential subjects with medical
conditions that are judged not to interfere with the study may be allowed to participate.

Use of medications or drugs that would interfere with study results. This includes
contraceptive hormones, steroids, medications for psychiatric symptoms like anxiety or
depression, stimulants, and medications for high blood pressure. Participants will be asked
to tell the investigators of any medications or drugs that they are taking. The
investigators will consider the drug interactions with oxytocin and vasopressin prior to
study, and participants will not be able to participate in the study if the drug
interactions could be dangerous.

Pregnancy or Nursing Status: Because of the risk to an unborn fetus or infant, women who
are pregnant or nursing are excluded from this protocol. Therefore, all women of
childbearing potential will have a pregnancy test performed no more than 24 hours before
each drug administration and will not be able to participate if the pregnancy test is
positive.

Patients:

Impaired hearing.

Head trauma with loss of consciousness in the last year or any evidence of functional
impairment due to and persisting after head trauma.

Having a known risk from exposure to high magnetic fields (e.g. participants with pace
makers) or having metallic implants (e.g. braces) in the head region (likely to create
artifact on the MRI scans).

A known neurological or neurogenetic condition, such as uncontrolled epilepsy, cerebral
palsy, and chromosomal abnormalities.

Use of medications or drugs that would interfere with the study results (see above).

Pregnancy or Nursing Status: Because of the risk to an unborn fetus or infant, women who
are pregnant or nursing are excluded from this protocol. Therefore, all women of
childbearing potential will have a pregnancy test performed no more than 24 hours before
each drug administration and will not be able to participate if the pregnancy test is
positive.