Effect on Anxiety in Partial Epilepsy Patients Treated With Pregabalin

Background

Interictal anxiety symptoms are reported in two-thirds of patients with epilepsy and
represent an underrecognized and undertreated aspect of the disorder. Interictal anxiety is
postulated to stem from both fear of seizure recurrence ("seizure phobia") and dispersed
locus of control.In addition, anxiety and the most common forms of partial onset epilepsy
are viewed to arise from dysfunction in a common neurobiological substrate-the amygdala and
other structures within the limbic system.

Background on Pregabalin

Pregabalin (CI-1008,Lyrica) is a chemical analogue of the mammalian neurotransmitter
gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA),although it does not bind to or activates GABA receptors or
inhibit GABA uptake. Pregabalin is an alpha-2-delta ligand that has analgesic, anxiolytic,
and antiepileptic activity.

Rationale

Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are commonly used for mood disorders including anxiety.Pregabalin
(PGB) the most recently FDA-approved AED for add-on therapy for refractory partial seizures
also has demonstrated efficacy in Generalized Anxiety Disorder. PGB binds to the
alpha-2-delta subunit protein of voltage-gated calcium channels, and in animal models, has
anxiolytic and anti-epileptic effects via pre-synaptic inhibition of the release of several
excitatory neurotransmitters.

Inclusion Criteria

- An IRB-approved consent form signed and dated by the subject

- A diagnosis of partial epilepsy which is drug resistant according to the
International League Against Epilepsy criteria (Failure of adequate trials of two
tolerated and appropriately chosen and used AED schedules (whether as monotherapies
or in combination) to achieve sustained seizure freedom). Furthermore to meet the
ILAE definition of drug resistance, subjects will have had breakthrough seizures
occurring at a frequency of less than 3 times the longest pretreatment interseizure
interval or every 12 months, which ever is longer.

- Subjects that score ≥18 on Beck Anxiety Inventory will be included in the study

- Subjects from 18 to 75 years, both inclusive.

- Females without childbearing potential or childbearing potential using medically
accepted forms of birth control (pre-menarcheal, post-menopausal, bilateral
oophorectomy or tubal ligation, complete hysterectomy, or medically accepted form of
contraception).

- Subject judged by the Investigator to be reliable and capable of adhering to the
protocol, visit schedules, and able to understand and complete study instruments.

- CT or MRI scan performed within 2 years of screening and without evidence of a
progressive lesion or neurological condition.

- Electroencephalogram consistent with partial epilepsy and does not demonstrate
generalized spike wave.

- Currently treated with a stable dose of 1-2 AEDs for a minimum of 4 weeks (3 months
for phenobarbital and primidone). Benzodiazepines used as a rescue therapy for
seizures and used no more than once a week will be permitted.

Exclusion Criteria

- History of psychogenic non-epileptic seizures.

- The subject is pregnant or lactating.

- Women with reproductive potential who refuse to use medically accepted forms of birth
control.

- Presence of any clinically significant laboratory abnormality which in the judgement
of the investigator should exclude the subject from the study.

- Presence of any progressive, demyelinating, or degenerative neurological condition.

- Subject is currently taking gabapentin.

- History of an allergic reaction to gabapentin or PGB.

- History of worsened seizures or serious adverse reactions to gabapentin.

- History of suicide attempt.

- No active suicidal plan/intent or active suicidal thoughts in the last 6 months.

- Current use or use within the previous three months prior to screening of
antidepressant, anxiolytic, or antipsychotic agents. Subjects using benzodiazepines
for anxiety will not be permitted.

- Diagnosis of Bipolar Disorder, Schizophrenia, psychotic disorder (excluding
post-ictal psychosis), Major Depression requiring hospitalization in the past 2
years, or other psychological or behavioral condition which in the judgement of the
investigator should exclude the subject from the study.

- A history of alcoholism, drug abuse, or drug addiction within the last 2 years.

- Any contraindication to use of PGB.

- Any clinical condition (e.g. severe renal impairment, chronic hepatic disease,
serious infection, and or bone marrow depression) which will impair participation in
the trial.

- History of multiple drug allergies or severe drug allergy.

- Subjects with vagal nerve stimulators (VNS).