Prevention of Contrast Renal Injury With Different Hydration Strategies

The study population will be recruited from subjects undergoing cardiac catheterization.

Subjects will be randomized to one of two hydration protocols:

1. normal saline at 3 mL/kg for one hour prior to contrast exposure and 1.5 mL/kg/hr
during and for four hours post procedure.

2. normal saline at 3 mL/kg for one hour prior to contrast exposure and then the fluid
rate would be adjusted according to the left ventricular end diastolic pressure
(LVEDP). The fluid rate based upon the LVEDP measurement is maintained during the
procedure and for four hours post procedure. The LVEDP hydration strategy follows: (2A)
< 13 mmHg, 5 mL/kg/hr during and for four hours post procedure. (2B) 13-18 mmHg, 3
mL/kg during and for four hours post procedure. (2C) > 18 mmHg, 1.5 mL/kg during
and four hours post procedure.

Renal function assessment will be made using standard laboratory measures post procedure.

Inclusion Criteria:

- estimated GFR less than or equal to 60 mL/min/1.73 m^2

- age greater than 18 years

- at least one of the following: diabetes mellitus, history of congestive heart
failure, hypertension, or age greater than 75 years.

Exclusion Criteria:

- patients unable to give consent

- undergoing emergency cardiac catheterization

- on renal replacement therapy

- exposure to contrast media within the prior two days

- pulmonary edema or active congestive heart failure

- kidney transplant status

- severe valvular abnormalities

- change in serum creatinine greater than 15% over the prior two days