Radiation Therapy and the Natural History of Childhood Cancers

This study will: 1) provide standard non-experimental radiation therapy to children who have
a form of cancer or similar disease process that is of scientific interest, importance, or
educational value; 2) determine the effects of radiation on childhood cancers; and 3) allow
for the education of nurses, medical students, residents, clinical fellows, and physicians in
the management and care of this specialized group of cancer patients. Patients in this study
will not receive experimental therapy, but will be given standard medical care.

Patients eligible for this study include: 1) children with cancer or a precancer syndrome,
such as aplastic anemia or other myelodysplastic syndrome, who are between 6 months and 21
years of age and whose disease will be treated or has been treated with radiation therapy in
the NCI's Radiation Oncology Branch (ROB); 2) patients with cancer or a precancer syndrome
who have disease manifestations of special interest to ROB investigators; and 3) patients
with cancer or a precancer syndrome who offer an important educational benefit to radiation
oncology trainees and staff.

Participants will undergo a medical history, physical examination, and blood tests, and
radiation therapy. Before beginning treatment, medical information such as pathology reports,
laboratory results, diagnosis and treatment history, scan results, and so forth, will be
obtained from the patient's medical records. Additional procedures that may need to be done
include scans, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), positron
emission tomography (PET), lung function tests, arteriogram, or tumor biopsies.

Participants will then have a (simulation) treatment planning session for radiation therapy
during which measurements are taken, CT images are taken, and markings are placed on the body
to help determine the treatment area. The radiation will be delivered to the body by a
machine called a linear accelerator, which produces x-rays. Radiation therapy is generally
given once or twice a day 5 days a week. Each treatment takes about 10 minutes.

When the course of treatment is completed, patients return to the Radiation Oncology clinic
for follow-up visits that include blood tests, a physical examination, and review of
symptoms, if any. Visits are kept to a minimum, but continue for a prolonged period to watch
for any late effects of treatment that may occur over a period of decades.