Dexlansoprazole to Treat Laryngopharyngeal Reflux and Lingual Tonsil Hypertrophy

BACKGROUND AND SIGNIFICANCE:

Detail: The backflow of gastric contents into the esophagus occurs in healthy people to a
limited extent.[1] When the refluxed material transcends the upper esophageal sphincter and
enters the laryngopharynx on a chronic basis, it is termed laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR).
LPR typically manifests as dysphonia, globus sensation, chronic cough, and throat
irritation. Recent studies suggest that untreated LPR may be a cause of lingual tonsil
hypertrophy (LTH), [2,3] which itself has been implicated as a contributing factor in
obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS).[4-6] Lingual tonsil tissue (LTT) is
present to a variable degree in most individuals and tends to regress with age. Although
standardized parameters for defining LTH have yet to be established, a recent study by
Friedman et al [7] demonstrated that on average subjects with LPR, OSAHS, or both diseases
had significantly thicker LTT on CT imaging than patients without either disease. Del Gaudio
and coworkers [2] identified a trend between increasing severity of LTH and the frequency of
reflux events, while Mamede et al [3] found a positive correlation between reflux symptoms
and the degree of LTH.

LTH in the setting of LPR is thought to result from the edema and inflammation brought about
by chronic exposure of the tissues to the refluxed acid. The resulting thickened and
inflamed LTT may narrow the retrolingual airway, increasing the likelihood of airway
obstruction and apneic events. Theoretically, increases in negative intrathoracic pressure
secondary to the obstruction may, in turn, facilitate further LPR.

While the treatment of reflux has been shown to decrease indices of OSAHS severity in some
patients, [8-10] a direct causal relationship between LPR and OSAHS has not been proven.
Similarly, more evidence is necessary to elucidate the exact relationship between LPR and
LTH. No study to date has investigated whether treatment of LPR reduces LTH. The
investigators hypothesize that adequate treatment of LPR using a PPI in patients with LTH
will result in a significant reduction in LTT thickness as well as improvement in OSAHS
symptoms, if present. The proposed study is a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial to
determine whether control of LPR reduces LTH and, as a corollary, improves OSAHS symptoms.
Control of LPR will be determined by 24-hour oropharyngeal pH monitoring [11], and LTH will
be measured on CT. While the length of time required for LTH regression to occur is not
currently known, Reichel et al have found that 3 months of PPI therapy are typically
necessary before improvement in LPR is seen. [12] Similarly, a study by Park et al showed a
significantly greater rate of improvement or resolution of LPR symptoms when treatment with
a PPI was for longer than 2 months. [13] PRELIMINARY STUDIES Preliminary Studies: In a
previous study, the investigators utilized axial and sagittal CT images of the tongue base
to measure LTT in patients with LPR, OSAHS, both conditions, or neither disease. The
investigators found that patients with LPR, OSAHS, or LPR+OSAHS had significantly thicker
LTT than patients without LPR or OSAHS. This study was presented at the 2009 Annual Meeting
of the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and was published in the
April 2010 issue of the journal Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS:

Overview: Prospective, randomized, double-blind, controlled study at a tertiary,
university-affiliated medical center.

Sample size: In order to achieve a power of 0.95, a sample size of 40 subjects per group (80
total) was determined based on an a priori power analysis. The sample size stated in the
original concept was an estimate and was not determined statistically.

Procedures: The study protocol begins after a patient has been diagnosed with
laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) on the basis of routine history, physical exam, and
diagnostic studies including 24-hour oropharyngeal pH monitoring with the Dx-pH Monitoring
System (Restech, San Diego, California). Prospective candidates for the study will be asked
to undergo CT imaging of the tongue base. Those who are subsequently diagnosed with lingual
tonsil hypertrophy (LTH), as determined by mean lingual tonsil tissue (LTT) thickness
greater than 3.0 mm on axial and sagittal views, will be eligible for enrollment, providing
they meet the additional inclusion criteria listed above. The enrollment period is expected
to last 12 months, and the total duration of the study is expected to be 18 months.

Once an eligible patient has agreed to participate in the study and provided informed
consent, s/he will be randomly assigned to the experimental or control group according to a
1:1 ratio. Patients as well as the practitioner administering treatment will be blinded to
patient group assignments. Patients in the experimental group will be started on a 3-month
regimen of once daily oral dexlansoprazole 60 mg. Patients in the control group will receive
a placebo once daily by mouth for the same length of time. Following completion of the
3-month treatment regimen, patients from both groups will undergo repeat 24-hour
oropharyngeal pH testing and CT of the tongue base. Endoscopic findings of LPR will also be
recorded before, monthly during treatment and after treatment using the Reflux Finding Score
(RFS). A 3-month treatment period was chosen based on previous studies, which have shown
failure of symptom resolution after shorter lengths of time. Once enrolled, patients will be
seen in clinic approximately every four weeks. Treatment with cimetidine 200 mg PO BID will
be offered as a rescue medication to patients of either group whose LPR symptoms worsen
during the study. Once started, cimetidine, as well as study drug (dexlansoprazole or
placebo) will be continued for the duration of the study. At study conclusion, all patients
will be re-evaluated for continued treatment, based on the effectiveness of dexlansoprazole
(after unblinding) and need for rescue medication (dexlansoprazole and placebo). If
cimetidine fails to offer relief, the subject will be withdrawn from the study and other
treatment options will be offered.

The Calgary Sleep Apnea Quality of Life Index (CSAQLI), visual analog scale for snoring
(VAS), and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) will be used as subjective outcome metrics. These
questionnaires are validated tools for assessing symptoms of obstructive sleep
apnea/hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) and associated quality of life. The Reflux Symptom Index
(RSI), a validated instrument for assessing reflux symptoms, will also be administered along
with the other questionnaires both prior to initiating therapy and again at the end of the
3-month period.

Data analysis and Interpretation:

Statistical analysis will focus on determining whether lingual tonsil tissue size differs
before and after therapy. Mean lingual tonsil tissue size will be calculated along with
standard deviation and student t test will be used to determine statistical significance.

Analysis will also examine the mean change in four subjective metrics, (1) Calgary Sleep
Apnea Quality of Life Index, (2) Visual Analog Scale of snoring, (3) Epworth Sleepiness
scale, and (4) Reflux Symptom Index. Again, means and standard deviations will be calculated
and student t test will be used to assess statistical significance.

Inclusion Criteria:

- Diagnosis of LPR and LTH confirmed by 24-hour pharyngeal pH monitoring and CT of the
tongue base, respectively

- Age > 20 and < 60 years

- Failure (in the opinion of the patient and treating physician) of current treatment
regimen and willingness (by the patient) to discontinue all concurrent therapies for
LPR whether prescription, over-the-counter, or herbal, and to remain off of these
treatments for the entire course of the study

Exclusion Criteria:

- Pregnancy or anticipated pregnancy (confirmation of non-pregnant status will be made
by urine human chorionic gonadotropin level)

- Lactation

- History or diagnosis of moderate to severe hepatic disease (based on liver function
testing performed at screening adjusted for age, gender, race, concomitant
medications and comorbidities

- Current or within the previous (12 mo) usage of a proton pump inhibitor

- Concurrent use of any medications, which interact adversely with dexlansoprazole or
other proton pump inhibitors (e.g., penicillins, digoxin, iron salts, azole
antifungals, atazanavir, tacrolimus, clopidogrel, etc.)

- Allergy or sensitivity to dexlansoprazole (or other proton pump inhibitor) or
cimetidine (or other H2 blocker)

- History of laryngeal and/or pharyngeal surgery

- Preexisting voice or swallowing disorder not related to LPR

- Smoking

- Neoplastic or infectious processes that are systemic or localized to the head and
neck region