Head Circumference Growth in Children With Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome Who Develop Dysautonomia Later in Life

It is known that 33-50% of Classic and Hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome patients
eventually develop dysautonomia, otherwise known as "POTS" - Postural Orthostatic
Tachycardia Syndrome. Some of these patients develop dysautonomia as a result of a
retroflexed odontoid, Chiari 1 Malformation or cranial settling and the resulting basilar
impression. However, many Ehlers-Danlos patients suffer with the same symptomology with no
evidence of cause according to MRI imaging. It is the author's hypothesis that low-level
External Communicating Hydrocephalus appears to be responsible for the constellation of
autonomic and cranial nerve symptoms, and if present in the very young, an analysis of head
circumference growth in the first 15 months of life should reflect abnormally rapid head
growth, supporting the hypothesis.

The investigators will evaluate the head circumference of Ehlers-Danlos patients who display
dysautonomia later in life. The head circumference analyzed will be from birth to
approximately 15 months of age, as the sutures of the skull generally fuse between 16 and 18
months. Additionally, pediatricians do not usually measure head circumference routinely
beyond this age.

In a small subset of Ehlers-Danlos patients who developed postural orthostatic tachycardia
syndrome in their childhood or teen years, retrospective analysis of their head
circumferences indicates such megalocephaly. On average, the children's heads were found to
increase from approximately the 35th percentile to over the 90th percentile. Their weights
and lengths did not increase in the same fashion, although some of the children remained in
the higher percentages for their length.

A review of literature indicates that studies of children with megalocephaly (not
necessarily having the diagnosis of Ehlers-Danlos) were considered to have a benign
condition ("Benign External Communicating Hydrocephalus") because CT's at the age of 2 or 3
years appeared normal and neurological exams also appeared normal. However, studies have
also shown that a large percentage of these children exhibited delayed motor development and
some of them had delayed speech development.In some studies these children were treated with
Diamox, and in other studies the children were merely observed.

It is the author's hypothesis that delayed motor development found in Ehlers-Danlos children
is due at least in part to hydrocephalus, and not merely due to flexible joints, as
previously surmised.

It is the author's contention that mild symptoms of irritability, headaches, sleep
disorders, emotional "fits", and the later development of dysautonomia were never considered
in these studies, yet are the likely symptoms of a low level of pressure that continued to
be exerted on the brains of these children.

High pressure on the brain (even if subtle) could be evidence of congenital CCSVI
(cerebrospinal venous insufficiency) or increased CSF (cerebral spinal fluid) production, or
the poor drainage of cerebral spinal fluid, or both. Retrospective examination of skull
expansion is a necessary step to ascertain these possibilities, allowing for early treatment
and the hope of avoidance of the neurological symptoms, and often disabling effects of
dysautonomia (and/or multiple sclerosis). It is the author's contention that "Benign
External Hydrocephalus" is not a benign condition.

Inclusion Criteria:

- Diagnosis, or suspected diagnosis of Classic or Hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
and dysautonomia

- Must be able to present their head circumferences, weight and length for the first 15
months of their lives

Exclusion Criteria:

- Patients unable to present their head circumferences, weight and length for the first
15 months of their lives

- Patients with dysautonomia due to stroke of the brain stem