Exploring the Effects of Coenzyme Q10 on Bioenergetics Metabolism in Geriatric Bipolar Depression

Research Design and Methods:

Bipolar Depressed Subjects:

The Bipolar Depressed group will consist of 10 subjects (for the purposes of this study we
would like to be able to recruit up to 30 subjects, with the goal of getting 10 to complete
the protocol), ages 55-89, meeting DSM IV-TR criteria for bipolar disorder, current episode
depressed, with depression severity rated by the MADRS and the Clinical Global Impression of
severity scale (CGI). The Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) will be used to assess concomitant
manic symptoms and neuropsychological measures to assess cognitive status. Subjects with any
current or previous Axis I disorder diagnosis other than Bipolar Disorder, including
dementia, unstable medical illness or any contraindications to magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI) will be excluded. Subjects may be concurrently prescribed other psychotropic
medications, but dosages must be unchanged for one week prior to study entry and subjects
must be willing to continue these medications during the study. All subjects must be able to
provide written informed consent. Furthermore, subjects will be asked to complete a
demographic information form.

Recruitment will take place through referrals from the McLean Hospital Geriatric Psychiatry
Inpatient Service, Geriatric Psychiatry Outpatient Program: SAGE (Seniors Aging Gracefully
Everyday) the Geriatric Psychiatry Outpatient Clinic, other inpatient, partial and outpatient
psychiatric programs at McLean Hospital, the Cambridge Health Alliance, local geriatricians,
the Harvard Division on Aging, local retirement communities, community psychiatrists,
Partners Community Health Care PCP's, Massachusetts General Hospital and Brigham and Women's
PCP network and similar external programs, as well as through radio and internet
advertisements. We have obtained permission from the directors of both the Inpatient Service
(Older Adult Unit) and Geriatric Psychiatry Outpatient Program (SAGE Program) to have a
research assistant look through patient charts to identity eligible subjects. Once a
potential subject has been identified, study staff will discuss the possibility of study
participation with the patient's doctor to see if the study would be appropriate. If the
doctor agrees about the patient's eligibility, the doctor will discuss the study with the
patient and refer patients who are interested in participating to a member of our study
staff.

Inclusion Criteria:

- 55 years or older

- Meet DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for Bipolar Disorder, Current Episode Depressed

- Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) Score of >20

- If the MADRS score is <20 but >16, a diagnosis of bipolar disorder, current episode
depressed, based on the Structured Clinical Interview of DSM IV TR (SCID) and Dr.
Forester's initial interview would allow the subject to be included in the study.

- Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) Score of < 6

- If the YMRS score is >6 subjects can still be admitted if subjects do not meet clinical
criteria for mania or hypomania at the time of screening

- Able to provide informed consent

- Must speak English

- Must be able to visit McLean Hospital for the screening visit and three-four study
visits during the 4-5 week duration of the study

- Subjects may be taking other medications for bipolar depression including
antidepressants, mood stabilizers and antipsychotic medications prior to Co-Q10 therapy,
but will be encouraged not to have any dosage adjustments of these medications in the
week before Co-Q10 is added and throughout their participation in the 4-week study.
Changes to concomitant medication during the time between the screening and baseline
visit or during the 4-week study due to a clinical need will be allowed. All concomitant
medication changes will be noted in the study documents.

Exclusion Criteria (for bipolar disorder subjects and controls):

- Serious or unstable medical illness, including cardiovascular, hepatic, renal,
respiratory, endocrine, neurologic or hematologic disease

- History of seizure disorder,

- History or current diagnosis of the following psychiatric illnesses: any organic mental
disorder (including dementia), schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, delusional
disorder, psychotic disorder not otherwise specified, unipolar major depressive
disorder, patients with substance dependence disorders, including alcohol, active within
the last 12 months.

- History of drug hypersensitivity or intolerance to Coenzyme Q10.

- Current treatment with barbiturates.

- Benzodiazepines, and non-benzodiazepine sedative hypnotics (such as zolpidem (Ambien),
may be used by subjects throughout the study as long as they are not taken within 12
hours of any MRI scan.

- Subjects diagnosed with a mitochondrial disorder.

- Subjects taking other putative mitochondrial enhancers (e.g., vitamin E, carnitine,
creatine, Vitamin complex B, pramipexole) at the time of study entry.

- Subjects who either have metal objects in their bodies or work with metal or tools that
could leave small pieces of metal in their eyes or skin will be excluded from the study
as it is unsafe for them to have MRI scans.

- Women who are pregnant or are trying to become pregnant during their participation in
the study.

Bipolar Subject Protocol

Summary:

This study is 4 weeks long, and will consist of 4 visits to the hospital. After an initial
phone screening, subjects will come in for a baseline visit where they will meet with a
psychiatrist to assess their past and current psychiatric and medical history. Subjects will
also be administered the following mood rating scales: the MADRS (Montgomery-Asberg
Depression Rating Scale), CGI (Clinical Global Impressions Scale), YMRS (Young Mania Rating
Scale), GDS (Geriatric Depression Scale), and neuropsychological measures. If the subjects
are fatigued, or if scheduling does not permit, screening procedures may be split into two
visits that will occur within one week of each other. Within 7 days after the screening
visit, subjects will come in for a baseline visit where they will have a 60 minute long 4.0T
MRS scan. , The baseline and screening visit will take place before starting CoQ10. Subjects
will be scheduled to have a 3T MRI scan for diagnostic purposes as soon as possible; however,
this scan can take place at any point during the study. In addition, we will be obtaining a
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS), functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) and a
Diffusion Tensor Imaging study during the 3T MRI scan to obtain further information about
specific nerve cell tracts or networks within the brain. During the fMRI portion of the scan
we will not be asking you to perform any tasks; rather you will be asked to lay still with
your eyes open and breathe normally. For all other portions of the scan there are no
restrictions on closing your eyes. After the baseline visit, subjects will start taking CQ10
(dose schedule on page 13) for the next 4 weeks. Subjects will come in again at week 2 for a
follow-up evaluation with Dr. Forester and will be administered the MADRS, CGI, and YMRS. At
week 2, subjects will have another 4T scan, which will last 60 minutes. At week 4, subjects
will have a third 60 minute long 4T MRI scan and will be re-administered the MADRS, CGI,
YMRS, GDS and the neuropsychological tests (week 4 procedures may be split into two visits,
within a week of each other, should subjects become fatigued, or if scheduling does not
permit). The Wisconsin Card Sort Test and the Wechsler Test of Adult Reading (WTAR) will only
be administered during the baseline visit and will not be administered to subjects during
their last follow-up visits.

The study doctor will monitor response to treatment and changes in psychiatric clinical
symptoms during the course of the 4 week treatment with CoQ10. If at any time during the
study there are clinical changes that warrant a further clinical assessment by the study
subject's primary clinician, the study principal investigator will refer the subject to their
primary care clinician and/or psychiatrist as clinically needed.

Additionally, in the interest of having a standardized instrument to measure for side
effects, we would like to include the Frequency and Intensity of Side Effects Ratings scale
(FISER), a 3-item self-rated measure of medication side effects for our study. The principal
investigator will continue to monitor for side effects during the clinical interview.

Control Subjects:

The control group will consist of 10 subjects (for the purposes of this study we would like
to be able to recruit up to 30 subjects, with the goal of getting up to 10 to complete the
protocol), ages 55-89, (matched with BPD group for age) without a known psychiatric disorder,
unstable medical illness or any contraindications to MRI. A board certified geriatric
psychiatrist will assess all control subjects for all current and past psychiatric disorders.
Control subjects with any evidence of current or past psychiatric disorders will be excluded
from the study. The Control Group will be recruited through contacts with the Harvard
Division on Aging, local retirement communities and advertisements on the internet, in
senior/city newspapers, and senior centers. Dr. Forester may also conduct in-service talks at
local assisted living communities. Control subjects will meet the following conditions:

Inclusion Criteria:

- 55 years or older

- Able to provide informed consent

- Must speak English

- Women entering this study must be post-menopausal.

Exclusion Criteria:

Same criteria for the Bipolar Depressed group with the exception of the "first episode of
mania" which is not applicable.

Control Subject Protocol

Control subjects (N=10) will be consented during the initial screening visit. The control
subjects will not be given CoQ10. Otherwise, control subjects will follow the same protocol
as the bipolar depressed subjects for the screening visit and will undergo the same
psychiatric evaluation, implementation of rating scales and MRIs) as the bipolar depressed
subjects (see above). The SCID and the clinical labs are not necessary components for the
control protocol. Dr. Forester will assess current and past psychiatric symptoms and
diagnoses with a standard clinical psychiatric interview. Approximately 1 week after the
screening visit, control subjects will be scheduled to undergo the 4T MRS scan. The mood
measures (MADRS and the YMRS) will be re-administered to the subjects during this visit. The
3T MRI scan will be scheduled as soon as possible but may be scheduled at any point during
the subject's participation in the study. Control subjects will return 2 and 4 weeks after
the baseline 4T visit to repeat the scan using the same protocol. Control subjects will have
a total of three 4T MRS scans (during the baseline visit and the 2 and 4-week follow-up
visits). The mood rating scales will be re-administered during the week 2 visit.
Additionally, the mood measures and the neuropsychological tests will be re-administered
during the week 4 visit. Control subjects will also be asked to complete a demographic
information and clinical history form.

Inclusion Criteria for Bipolar Depressed Subjects:

- 55 years or older

- Meet DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for Bipolar Disorder, Current Episode Depressed

- Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) Score of >20

- If the MADRS score is <20 but >16, a diagnosis of bipolar disorder, current episode
depressed, based on the Structured Clinical Interview of DSM IV TR (SCID) and Dr.
Forester's initial interview would allow the subject to be included in the study.

- Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) Score of < 6

- If the YMRS score is >6 subjects can still be admitted if subjects do not meet
clinical criteria for mania or hypomania at the time of screening

- Able to provide informed consent

- Must speak English

- Must be able to visit McLean Hospital for the screening visit and three-four study
visits during the 4-5 week duration of the study

- Subjects may be taking other medications for bipolar depression including
antidepressants, mood stabilizers and antipsychotic medications prior to Co-Q10
therapy, but will be encouraged not to have any dosage adjustments of these
medications in the week before Co-Q10 is added and throughout their participation in
the 4-week study. Changes to concomitant medication during the time between the
screening and baseline visit or during the 4-week study due to a clinical need will be
allowed. All concomitant medication changes will be noted in the study documents.

Exclusion Criteria for Bipolar Depressed Subjects:

- Serious or unstable medical illness, including cardiovascular, hepatic, renal,
respiratory, endocrine, neurologic or hematologic disease

- History of seizure disorder,

- History or current diagnosis of the following psychiatric illnesses: any organic
mental disorder (including dementia), schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder,
delusional disorder, psychotic disorder not otherwise specified, unipolar major
depressive disorder, patients with substance dependence disorders, including alcohol,
active within the last 12 months.

- History of drug hypersensitivity or intolerance to Coenzyme Q10.

- Current treatment with barbiturates.

- Benzodiazepines, and non-benzodiazepine sedative hypnotics (such as zolpidem (Ambien),
may be used by subjects throughout the study as long as they are not taken within 12
hours of any MRI scan.

- Subjects diagnosed with a mitochondrial disorder

- Subjects taking other putative mitochondrial enhancers (e.g., vitamin E, carnitine,
creatine, Vitamin complex B, pramipexole) at the time of study entry.

- Subjects who either have metal objects in their bodies or work with metal or tools
that could leave small pieces of metal in their eyes or skin will be excluded from the
study as it is unsafe for them to have MRI scans.

- Women who are pregnant or are trying to become pregnant during their participation in
the study.

Inclusion Criteria for Control Subjects:

- 55 years or older

- Able to provide informed consent

- Must speak English

- Women entering this study must be post-menopausal.

Exclusion Criteria for Control Subjects:

Same criteria for the Bipolar Depressed group with the exception of the "first episode of
mania" which is not applicable, and patients with a lifetime history of substance
dependence disorders, including alcohol, will be excluded.