Acute Coronary Syndrome and Care-Seeking Delay: A Web Based Behavioral Study

The primary aim of this study is to increase our understanding of care-seeking behavior
surrounding acute coronary syndromes [ACS] through the application and testing of an
integrated self-regulatory care-seeking model [ISCM] and the utilization of a world wide web
[WWW] based ISCM survey instrument. At present, care-seeking delay among individuals
stricken with ACS [acute myocardial infarction [AMI], unstable angina or sudden cardiac
death] prevents many patients from obtaining the full therapeutic benefit of hospital based
thrombolytic and/or mechanical reperfusion therapy to reduce the morbid and mortal
consequences of acute cardiovascular disease [CVD]. Results from prior studies of ACS
care-seeking delay generally rely on measures of time duration from acute symptom onset
[ASO] to hospital emergency department [ED] arrival and measures of social demographic and
clinical variables, extracted from emergency medical system [EMS] logs and/or ED charts. By
relying on such limited data sources, these studies have failed to take into consideration
the complexity of the social and behavioral processes by which individuals make decisions to
seek medical care for symptoms of ACS.

By applying and testing an integrated self-regulatory care-seeking model [ISCM] to ACS
care-seeking, it will be possible to delineate decision points and situations and
circumstances that are critical to producing patterns of care-seeking that are efficient and
expeditious or are protracted and delayed. The care-seeking process in the ISCM is viewed in
terms of five analytic care-seeking phases from warning or premonitory symptoms to ED
arrival. By noting the presence or absence of three central phases, it is possible to
distinguish patterns of care-seeking and to record the duration of each care-seeking phase
and total duration of each care-seeking path to the ED. The ISCM assumes that coping
behaviors emerge over time and initially care-seeking behaviors are guided by demographic
and structural factors. As the self-regulatory and coping processes emerge over the course
of the ACS episode, the influence of these factors diminishes and emergent ACS evaluations,
advice from others and health care providers, emerging symptoms and emotions, come to
dominate the care-seeking process and directly determine the duration of ACS care-seeking.
The study will test and explore the following hypotheses:

1. Commonly used demographic variables, such as, age, sex, education and race will prove
to be only one component, along with social situational and circumstantial, cognitive
and emotional variables, that significantly influence the course and duration of ACS
care-seeking.

2. The ISCM will show that decision process variables associated with the care-seeking
phases, the Self, Lay and Health Care Provider Phases, as shown in the Figure, are
important predictors of time from symptoms onset to ED arrival and in the prediction of
the length of time spent in each care-seeking phase.

3. The ISCM will show differences in the total duration of the 5 most frequently occurring
care-seeking paths to the ED and will explain most of the differences by the variables
in Hypotheses 1 and 2.

4. Conditional models of subjects who use key care-seeking phases, namely the Self, Lay
and Health Care Provider Phases, will identify unique predictors of time in each phase.

5. Significant interaction effects [model coefficient differences] will be found for
important risk variables and socially important gender, age and racial groups. For
example, African-Americans will show differences in model coefficients from
Non-African-Americans.

The proposed study utilizes a twice tested pilot ISCM survey instrument placed on two secure
dedicated web servers to collect patient care-seeking data. The target sample size for this
study is 2,314 patients who have experienced an ACS episode. Subjects will be recruited
using: 1] extensive marketing of the study URL on websites of interest to cardiac patients
and oriented toward cardiac health and ACS risks, such as, diabetes or hypertension; 2]
placement of study information on discussion boards and chat rooms with a cardiac health
focus; 3] emailing of a study flyer PDF for posting in public libraries, senior citizen
centers, African-American churches, county and municipal health clinics, and HMO web sites;
4] application of a viral marketing strategy; and 5] use of selected print media, for
example, AARP publications. Marketing of the study site URL will emphasize the recruitment
of women, the elderly and minorities. In the data collection phase of the study, the
proportions of myocardial infarction and angina pectoris subjects falling into each cell of
the cross classification of age, sex and race will be derived from NHANES 1999-2000 and
2001-2002 studies. These estimates of the population proportions in these cells will be used
to determine quotas for each of the cells in an attempt to ensure all risk groups are
adequately represented. We will over sample African-Americans. Statistical models will be
used to estimate the effects of variables that characterize the decision process on the time
delay until ED arrival. Time required to move from one phase of the decision process to the
next will also be modeled, as will the different paths chosen by the subjects. Models will
also include patient characteristics and other circumstantial and situational variables in
the decision process.

Inclusion Criteria: Acute myocardial infarction, acute coronary syndrome, unstable angina,
men & women, all races & ethnicities

Exclusion Criteria: age < 21 years