Vasoprotective Activities of Low-Fat Milk in Individuals With Metabolic Syndrome

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the United States, accounting
for ~830,000 deaths annually. Oxidative stress and inflammatory responses are fundamental
mechanisms leading to vascular endothelial dysfunction because of their role in reducing
nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. Greater intakes of dairy foods have been associated with
a lower incidence of CVD-related morbidity. Although the mechanisms by which dairy protects
against CVD remain unclear, epidemiological and experimental evidence suggest that the
concerted actions of bioactive milk-derived peptides and micronutrients may protect against
hypertension and future CVD risk by improving vascular endothelial function. Therefore, the
objective of this study is to define the mechanisms by which the acute consumption of
low-fat milk protects against postprandial vascular endothelial dysfunction by reducing
oxidative stress responses that limit NO bioavailability to the vascular endothelium. In
this study, participants having the metabolic syndrome will ingest low-fat milk or rice milk
on a single occasion. Then, vascular function and biomarkers of oxidative stress and NO
metabolism will be monitored at 30 min intervals throughout a 180 min postprandial period.
Collectively, these studies will help identify how postprandial vascular function is
regulated in individuals at high-risk for CVD, and whether low-fat dairy consumption can be
used as a strategy to better improve vascular function.

Inclusion Criteria:

- specific criteria of the metabolic syndrome (waist circumference (102-137 or 88-123
cm for men and women, respectively), fasting triglycerides 150-300 mg/dL, and fasting
glucose (110-180 mg/dL)

- BMI: >30 kg/m2,

- non-dietary supplement users for >2-mo

- no use of any prescription or over-the-counter medications known to affect
vasodilatory responses

- no known history of vascular disease

- nonsmokers

- resting blood pressure <140 mmHg

- not taking any medications that control hypertension

Exclusion Criteria:

- lactose-intolerant

- excessive alcohol consumption (>3 drinks/d or >10 drinks/wk)

- >7 h/wk of aerobic activity

- use of medications known to affect carbohydrate or lipid/lipoprotein metabolism

- regular use of any anti-inflammatory medications (e.g. aspirin, non-steroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs) or over-the-counter aids (e.g. fish oils)

- women who are pregnant, lactating, and have initiated or changed birth control in the
past 3-mo