Cognitive Training for Firefighters With Tinnitus

The objective of this pilot research project is to advance knowledge about the role of
attention, control, and other cortical networks in the development and maintenance of
bothersome tinnitus.

The investigators have three specific aims. First, determine whether the Brain Fitness
Program-Tinnitus affects the tinnitus percept and aids the recovery of cognitive functions
apparently "highjacked" by the tinnitus. Brain Fitness Program-Tinnitus was developed to
improve cognitive function by engaging the brain's neuroplasticity; the program is novel,
non-invasive, and inexpensive. Second, establish specific default mode, attention system,
and cognitive control network deficits in patients with bothersome tinnitus through the use
of advanced neuroimaging techniques. Third, assess whether exposure to the Brain Fitness
Program-Tinnitus impacts changes in the default mode, attention system, and cognitive
control network deficits.

The investigators will employ a randomized clinical trial design among a cohort of
active-duty firefighters who experience bothersome tinnitus. A planned enrollment of 40
firefighters with tinnitus in the clinical trial will have sufficient statistical power to
detect a 17-point change in Tinnitus Handicap Inventory scores. In addition, a previously
developed fcMRI protocol will be used to study brain activity in regions associated with
voluntary, involuntary, and executive control of attention in 60 firefighters (40
firefighters enrolled in the clinical trial and 20 firefighters without tinnitus).

Inclusion Criteria:

- Able to give informed consent

- Men and women between the ages of 20 and 65 years

- Must be able to read, write, and understand English

- Subjective, unilateral or bilateral, non-pulsatile tinnitus of 6 month's duration or
greater

- Score of 3, 4, or 5 on the Global Bothersome scale

- Have access to uninterrupted use of computer in quiet setting for minimum of 1 hour
per day/5 days per week for 2 months.

- Be willing to be randomized to either arm of the study.

Exclusion Criteria:

- Currently taking medication for depression, anxiety, or other DSM IV Axis 1 disorder

- History of head trauma sufficient to cause loss of consciousness for ≥30 minutes

- History of surgery to the brain

- History of claustrophobia, which will prevent subject from completing MRI

- Presence of metallic implants in the head and upper cervical region that are non-MRI
compatible and would prohibit use of MRI

- Patients with cardiac pacemakers, intracardiac lines, implanted medication pumps,
implanted electrodes in the brain, or any other contraindication for MRI scan

- Currently pregnant

- Patients with an acute or chronic unstable medical condition, which, in the opinion
of the investigator, would prevent them from successfully participating in the study

- Patients with any active ear disease, which, in the opinion of the PI, needs to be
further evaluated

- Patients with symptoms of depression as evidenced by a score of 15 or greater on the
PHQ-9

- Any psychiatric co-morbidity that may complicate the interpretation of study results

- History of seizure disorder or any other neurological condition

- Weight over 350 pounds

- Inability to lay flat for 2 hours

- Active alcohol and/or drug dependence or history of alcohol and/or drug dependence
within the last year

- Any medical condition, which, in the opinion of the PI, confounds study results or
places the subject at greater risk

- Prior use of Posit Science Brain Fitness Program, or any other cognitive training
program (regular or tinnitus) in the past year

- Patients with hyperacusis (hyper-sensitivity to noises) or misophonia (abnormally
strong reactions of the autonomic and limbic systems to sound)

- Tinnitus related to cochlear implantation, retrocochlear lesion, Meniere's Disease,
or other known anatomic lesions of the ear or temporal bone

- Tinnitus related to a Workman's Compensation claim or litigation-related event that
is still pending.

- History of irritable bowel syndrome, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, or other
illnesses or disorders that falls into the category of functional somatic
syndromes.(Barsky and Borus 1999)