Prevention of Serious Adverse Events Following Angiography

The intravascular administration of iodinated contrast media for diagnostic imaging is a
common cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) and a leading cause of iatrogenic renal disease.
Contrast-induced AKI is associated with serious adverse outcomes including death, need for
dialysis, prolonged hospitalization, and acceleration in the rate of progression of
underlying chronic kidney disease. The benefit of IV isotonic bicarbonate compared to IV
isotonic saline and of N-acetylcysteine for the prevention of contrast-induced AKI and
associated adverse outcomes remains unclear. The purpose of this trial is to compare the
effectiveness of IV isotonic sodium bicarbonate with IV isotonic sodium chloride and oral NAC
with placebo for the prevention of serious adverse outcomes in 7,680 high-risk patients
scheduled to undergo coronary or non-coronary angiography. Using a 2 x 2 factorial design,
patients will be randomized to receive: 1) either peri-procedural IV isotonic sodium
bicarbonate or peri-procedural IV isotonic saline and 2) either oral NAC or oral placebo
prior to and for 5 days following the angiographic procedure. The primary study endpoint is a
composite outcome comprised of death, need for acute dialysis, or persistent decline in
kidney function within 90 days following the index angiogram.

Inclusion Criteria:

- Planned elective or urgent coronary or non-coronary angiography with iodinated
contrast media in which it is anticipated that there will be an interval of 3 hours
between the identification of the indication for angiography and the time of the
planned procedure.

- Pre-angiography eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2 with diabetes mellitus or pre-angiography eGFR
<45 ml/min/1.73 m2 with or without diabetes mellitus

- Ability to provide informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

- Stage 5 chronic kidney disease (CKD) (eGFR <15 mL/min/1.73 m2)

- Currently receiving hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, continuous renal replacement
therapy, or sustained low efficiency dialysis (SLED)

- Unstable baseline serum creatinine (SCr) (if known) at the time of angiography defined
by an increase in SCr of 25% over the 3 days prior to angiography

- Decompensated heart failure requiring any of the following therapies at the time of
angiography:

- IV milrinone, amrinone, dobutamine, or nesiritide

- Isolated ultrafiltration therapy

- Intra-aortic balloon pump

- Emergent angiography procedures defined as an anticipated duration of <3 hours between
the identification of the indication for angiography and the time of the planned
procedure.

- Receipt of intravascular iodinated contrast within the 5 days preceding angiography

- Receipt of oral or IV NAC within the 48 hours preceding angiography

- Known allergy to N-acetylcysteine (NAC)

- Known anaphylactic allergy to iodinated contrast media

- Prisoner

- Age <18 years

- Pregnancy

- Ongoing participation in an unapproved concurrent interventional study