Distress Tolerance and Buprenorphine

Inclusion Criteria:

- initiating buprenorphine treatment (which requires meeting current criteria for a
DSM-IV diagnosis of opioid dependence)

- plan to remain on buprenorphine for at least three months

- age between 18 and 65 years

- if female of childbearing potential -- must be using adequate contraception (an
intrauterine device, oral contraceptive, depot contraceptive, a barrier method "every
time," or hysterectomy) as assessed by the study physician

- has at least two persons they regularly contact and can provide contact information
for them

- speaks English sufficiently to understand instructions and assessments.

Exclusion Criteria:

- current methadone maintenance treatment program participation

- medically necessary prescription opioid treatment (e.g., for chronic pain)

- current criteria for a DSM-IV diagnosis of substance dependence for sedative/hypnotic
drugs, alcohol, stimulants, cocaine, inhalants, hallucinogens

- a diagnosis of organic brain disorder, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia,
schizo-affective, schizophreniform, or paranoid disorder, or major depression
(subjects who meet criteria for "substance-induced mood disorder," or dysthymia only
will not be excluded)

- current suicidality on the Modified Scale for Suicidal Ideation

- use of daily psychotropic, antidepressant, or anxiolytic medication

- evidence of neuropsychological dysfunction as assessed by the study physician with
confirmation with the Folstein Mini-Mental Status Examination

- anticipated major painful event (significant surgical procedure) in the coming 6
months

- probation/parole requirements that might interfere with protocol participation

- history of allergic reaction to buprenorphine or naloxone.