Change of Fructose to Fat in South Asians

South Asians, who originate from the Indian subcontinent and make up one-fifth of the
world's population, are among the highest number who suffer from heart disease and diabetes.
The results of many research studies suggest that genes play a role in developing heart
disease and diabetes that is made worse by the diet in the United States. Fructose is a
sugar widely used in the American diet, and when consumed, it is taken up by the liver and
changed into fats through a process called de novo lipogenesis (DNL). The current study will
compare this change into fats in the liver between South Asians and Caucasians. The
participants will be screened on the initial visit, and on the second visit, the DNL
response will be measured in the blood over four hours after drinking one sweetened
beverage, containing half glucose, half fructose, similar to a soft drink. We expect that
DNL in response to fructose intake is higher in South Asians when compared to Caucasians and
may partially explain why South Asians have earlier heart disease and diabetes.

Inclusion Criteria:

- Males and females, 18-35 years of age.

- South Asian or Caucasian descent through self-identification (South Asians are to
have both biological parents with ancestry from India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal and
Bangladesh and no known non-South Asian ancestry in parents; Caucasians are to have
both biological parents who self-identify as Caucasian and no known non-Caucasian
ancestry in parents).

- Body mass index (BMI) 18.0-24.9 kg/m2 with no history of obesity.

- Fasting glucose <100 mg/dL, 2h glucose OGTT < 140 mg/dL.

- TG <200 mg/dL, HDL cholesterol >30 mg/dL, LDL cholesterol <160 mg/dL.

- Willing and able to stop fish oil, fiber supplement, other non-prescribed
vitamins/supplements for 1 week prior to visit #2 until completion of study.

- Willing to not drink alcohol for 24-hours before visit #2.

- Willing and able to provide informed consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

- History of diabetes or other endocrine disorder, hepatitis or other liver disorder,
HIV, or autoimmune disease.

- Medication(s) known to affect lipids, including hormonal contraceptives.

- Recent acute illness

- Gastrointestinal disease resulting in significant GI dysfunction or malabsorption.

- Cigarette smoking

- History of ethanol abuse (current intake >2 drinks/day) or illicit drugs.

- History of severe psychiatric illness

- If female, pregnant or breastfeeding

- Participation in an investigational drug study within one month of screening.

- Unusual diet or extreme level of physical activity

- Have any other condition, which in the opinion of the investigator, should prohibit
the participation in the study