Cognitive Changes in Adult Cancer Survivors

Chemotherapy is increasingly used in the management of various cancers. There are reports in
the literature of chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairments ranging from deficits in memory
and attention to slowed information-processing and deficiencies in executive function,
including planning and problem-solving. These deficits have been shown to affect work-place
productivity and social role-functioning which present significant public health risks in an
era of increased chemotherapy usage. However, previous studies investigating cognitive
deficits after chemotherapy have mainly used neurocognitive assessments, which are limited
in their utility for clinical diagnosis due to their likelihood for practice effects and low
sensitivity for detecting subtle cognitive changes that may be functionally relevant to the
patient.

Resting-state functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging (fcMRI) is a sensitive test
that measures resting-state neural network connectivity, reflecting the integrity between
functionally-related brain regions. fcMRI has been used to delineate cortical neural
networks involved in a variety of cognitive domains, including memory, and attention. The
investigators believe that fcMRI will be more sensitive than neurocognitive tests alone for
investigating chemotherapy-induced cognitive changes. The goal of this novel study is to use
fcMRI to investigate cognitive changes after chemotherapy in an attempt to understand the
currently unknown neurobiological mechanisms associated with this phenomenon.

This prospective study will investigate the presence of cognitive deficits after
chemotherapy in cancer patients by assessing changes in three fcMRI-defined neural networks
involved in cognition. The three networks include (1) Dorsal Frontal Attention network (2)
"Default" network and (3) Cognition "Core" control network. Sixteen cancer patients
scheduled for chemotherapy will undergo fcMRI of the brain and neurocognitive testing within
two weeks before and after chemotherapy. Comparisons between time-points will establish the
effect of chemotherapy on cognition.

Results obtained from this study in cancer patients will provide insight into the mechanisms
underlying the development of chemotherapy-induced cognitive deficits. Knowledge of the
development of chemotherapy-induced cognitive deficits will enhance positive outcomes by
allowing practitioners and patients to be better informed of the potential cognitive
consequences to anticipate. With patients equipped with such information before starting
cancer treatment, they will be better able to manage their affairs and daily activities in
such a way that allows them to maintain productive living through their course of cancer and
its treatment.

Inclusion Criteria:

- Subjects must be 40 years of age or older

- Subjects must be able to read, write and speak English fluently

- Treatment with a chemotherapy regimen that contains 5-fluorouracil or a
platinum-based drug.

- Breast cancer subjects must be newly diagnosed with invasive lobular or ductal cancer
(stages II and III)

- Head and Neck cancer subjects must be newly diagnosed with locally-advanced squamous
cell carcinoma of the head and neck in oropharyngeal, hypopharyngeal and laryngeal
sites (stages III and IV)

- Ovarian, fallopian tube, or primary peritoneal cancer subjects must be newly
diagnosed with epithelial ovarian cancer (stages II - IV), fallopian tube cancer with
pelvic extension (stages II-IV), or primary peritoneal cancer (stages III-IV)

- Bladder, renal pelvis, or ureteral cancer subjects must be newly-diagnosed with
muscle-invasive cancer (stages II - IV).

- Urethral cancer subjects must be newly diagnosed with cancer invading the corpus
spongiosum, prostate, or periurethral muscle (stages II-IV)

- Subjects must be anticipated to receive chemotherapy without the concomitant
treatment use of hormonal therapy or immunomodulators.

Exclusion Criteria:

- Subjects with other prior cancer diagnoses who have evidence of active disease

- Subjects who have received chemotherapy or radiation treatment within the past year
(for any disease state)

- Subjects with melanoma or other non-squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck

- Subjects with nasopharyngeal, sinonasal or lateral skull base tumors. Unintentional
cranial irradiation can occur with treatment to these sites and could therefore not
be completely eliminated from being associated with any cognitive deficits observed.

- Subjects with implanted non-MRI compatible metal objects, electrodes, pacemakers,
intracardiac lines, or medication pumps

- Subjects with weight over 350 pounds (weight limit on MRI machine)

- Subjects with a history of claustrophobia

- Subjects with an inability to lie flat for 20 minutes (for fcMRI scan)

- Life expectancy of less than 6 months

- Any medical condition the Principal Investigator (PI) determines would not make the
study safe or in the best interest of the potential subject to participate in.

- Subjects who receive hormonal therapy therapy or immunomodulators as part of their
cancer therapy.