The Effects of Active VItamin D on Left Atrial Volume Index

Heart failure (HF) is among the top ten causes of hospitalizations in the US. It is
estimated that ~40-50% of patients with HF have preserved ejection fraction (EF). Patients
with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction (HFPEF) have normal systolic function,
but impaired cardiac relaxation. The main causes of HFPEF include left-ventricular
hypertrophy (LVH) and hypertension, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, aortic stenosis with a
normal EF, coronary artery disease and restrictive cardiomyopathies.

Only a few small clinical trials have tested therapeutic interventions in patients with
HFPEF, producing either small or negative effects. Relatively few drugs have effects on
cardiac relaxation and are not candidates for chronic use, as they may have significant side
effect profiles and/or are inconvenient to administer. Paricalcitol, an FDA-approved
activated form of vitamin D, has been shown to slow LVH progression and improve parameters
associated with diastolic function in animal models (see refs). Treatment with paricalcitol
has also been associated with decreased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in a
historical cohort study of patients with end-stage renal disease (see refs).

This is a single-center, single-arm, pilot study in 20 patients with HFPEF and normal renal
function on stable medical therapy to evaluate the effects of paricalcitol on cardiac
structure and function.

Inclusion Criteria:

- Sign informed consent.

- Willing and able to adhere to all study-related procedures, including study
medication regimen.

- ≥ 18 years old.

- Previous clinical diagnosis of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: NYHA
Class II-IV.

- Satisfy these echocardiographic criteria within the last year: Left ventricular
ejection fraction ≥ 50%, cardiac magnetic resonance or ventriculogram; Left atrial
size ≥ 4 cm in long axis or > 5.2 cm in four chamber length; Septal wall thickness >
1.2 cm (females) or 1.3 cm (males); Doppler evidence of moderate or severe diastolic
dysfunction (≥ Grade II) by transmitral inflow, pulmonary venous flow, color M-mode
and/or tissue Doppler (per European Society of Cardiology guidelines).

- Experienced ≥ 1 of the following in last 12 months: Hospitalization for acute heart
failure (primary diagnosis); Long term treatment with loop diuretic; Mean pulmonary
capillary wedge pressure ≥ 16 mm Hg at catheterization for dyspnea; Left ventricular
end diastolic pressure (LVEDP) ≥ 19 mm Hg at catheterization for dyspnea; Acute
treatment with intravenous loop diuretic or hemofiltration.

- On stable medical therapy in last 30 days before study entry (defined as no change in
angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors [ACEI], angiotensin receptor blockers,
aldosterone inhibitors, beta-blockers or calcium channel blockers.

- Satisfy these criteria at initial lab screening: Estimated glomerular filtration rate
(eGFR) ≥ 30 ml/min; Corrected serum Ca 8.0-10.0 mg/dL (2.0-2.5 mmol/L); Phos ≤ 5.2
mg/dL (1.68 mmol/L); Serum albumin ≥ 3.0 g/dL (30 g/L);

- Negative serum pregnancy test for females of childbearing potential (within 2 weeks
of starting study treatment).

- Women of childbearing potential must be practicing barrier/oral contraception during
study-related treatment, or be surgically sterile or one year post-menopausal, be
non-nursing and non-pregnant.

Exclusion Criteria:

- Taking > 1,000 IU of vitamin D preparation daily within last 30 days.

- Received activated vitamin D preparation including paricalcitol (Zemplar®),
doxercalciferol (Hectorol®) or calcitriol (Rocalctrol®, Calcijex®) within last 90
days prior to study entry.

- History of nephrolithiasis.

- Poorly controlled hypertension (systolic blood pressure > 180 mmHg and/or diastolic
blood pressure > 110 mmHg at Screening; confirmed by repeat).

- Secondary hypertension (i.e. renal artery stenosis, primary aldosteronism or
pheochromocytoma).

- Severe hepatic impairment.

- Use of known inhibitors (ie, ketoconazole) or inducers (ie, carbamazepine) of
cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) within 2 weeks prior to taking study drug.

- HIV positive.

- Condition with prognosis < 1 year at study entry other than heart failure.

- Significant valvular disease defined as moderate or severe aortic or mitral stenosis,
mitral or aortic regurgitation.

- Infiltrative cardiac disease (sarcoid, amyloid, hemochromatosis, lymphoma, etc.).

- Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy.

- Active myocarditis.

- Constrictive or restrictive pericarditis.

- Acute coronary artery disease symptoms defined as emergency department visit or
hospital admission with unstable angina, ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI),
non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), percutaneous coronary intervention
(PCI) or coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) within 90 days before study entry.

- Poor echocardiographic windows.

- Current active treatment in another investigational study or participation in another
investigational study within 1 month before screening.

- Active malignancies except in situ carcinoma of the cervix, localized squamous or
basal cell carcinoma of skin.

- Other serious concurrent or recent medical or psychiatric condition which, in
Investigator's opinion, makes the patient unsuitable for participation.