Brain Stimulation and Aphasia Treatment

Stroke is the leading cause of adult disability in the United States. Approximately one-third
of all strokes result in acute language impairment (aphasia), with approximately one-fifth
suffering from chronic aphasia. Unfortunately, the prognosis for moderate to severe chronic
aphasia remains grim, as current behavioral treatment approaches usually offer only
limited-to-modest benefit. Recent advancements in understanding the relationship between low
current electrical brain stimulation and cortical plasticity suggest that the effect of
behavioral aphasia treatment could possibly be enhanced using anodal transcranial direct
current stimulation (A-tDCS). Indeed, we have shown how A-tDCS can significantly boost the
effect of behavioral aphasia treatment. Based on these results as well as our other studies
aimed at understanding how favorable brain plasticity correlates with positive treatment
outcome in aphasia, we propose to conduct a Phase II clinical trial utilizing a futility
design. Consistent with the goals of Program Announcement PAR-08-204 by the National
Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD), we plan to "evaluate whether
there is sufficient evidence of short term improvement in humans to justify a phase III
trial."

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Patients must be willing and able to give informed consent.

2. Patients must be willing and able to comply with study requirements.

3. Patients must be between 25- and 80-years of age.

4. Patients must be native English speakers.

5. Patients must be pre-morbidly right-handed.

6. Patients must have sustained a one-time ischemic stroke in the left-hemisphere.

7. Patients must be greater than 6-months post-stroke.

8. Patients must have an aphasia diagnosis as confirmed by the Western Aphasia
Battery-Revised.

9. Patients must be MRI-compatible (e.g., no metal implants, not claustrophobic, etc.).

10. Patients must achieve at least 65% accuracy on naming task during screening -

Exclusion Criteria:

1. History of brain surgery

2. Seizures during the previous 12 months

3. Sensitive scalp (per patient report)

4. Able to overtly name more than an average of 140 out of 175 items during the
pre-treatment picture naming test (Philadelphia Naming Test) during Visits 2 or 3.

5. Unable to overtly name at least an average of 5 out of 80 items during the
pre-treatment fMRI sessions during Visits 2 or 3.