Test-retest Reproducibility of [11C]PHNO PET Using the Constant Infusion Paradigm

To determine amphetamine-induced DA release in tobacco smokers while currently smoking and
during acute withdrawal and in nonsmokers. Twenty healthy men and women tobacco smokers and
twenty healthy nonsmokers will be recruited. Each subject will participate in 1 MRI and up
to 2 [11C]PHNO PET scans. On the PET study day subjects will participate in two [11C]PHNO
scans (ideally, the two PET scans will be carried out in the same day). Three hours before
the second PET scan, amphetamine (0.5 mg/kg, PO) will be administered. In smokers, the set
of scans will occur at 10-21 days of smoking abstinence. Smoking abstinence will be
determined by carbon monoxide and urine cotinine (a breakdown product of nicotine in
cigarette smoke) levels. Subjects will be asked to breathe into a breathalyzer to measure
carbon monoxide and to provide a urine sample to measure cotinine. Smoking abstinence will
be confirmed by carbon monoxide and cotinine levels that are reduced as compared to actively
smoking. We hypothesize that smokers at 10-21 days of withdrawal will have
amphetamine-induced DA release that is blunted compared to healthy nonsmokers.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans (3 T) will be collected in each subject to
co-register PET and MRI for image analysis. Within two weeks of the PET study, an MRI will
be acquired at the Yale University MRI Center. Subjects will be taken through a
ferromagnetic metal detector before entering the scan room. The acquisition sequence is a 3D
fast spoiled grass (FSPGR) MR pulse sequence with an IR prep of 300 ms. (TE= 3.3 ms, flip
angle=17 degrees; slice thickness= 1.2 mm) optimized for delineating gray matter/white
matter/CSF boundaries. The small voxel size (0.93 X 1.2 X 0.93 mm) provides high-resolution
volumetric images. MR images provide a matching anatomical atlas for creating individualized
region-of-interest templates for each subject.

Subject preparation consists of two intravenous (IV) catheterizations and immobilization of
the head. PET scans are acquired as subjects rest using an HRRT PET scanner (207 slices,
resolution better than 3 mm FWHM). This resolution permits visualization of the PHNO and
raclopride uptake in the ventral/dorsal striatum, in globus pallidus (GP) and substantia
nigra (SN). A transmission scan using an orbiting 137Cs point-source is obtained for each
emission scan. Motion correction will be performed dynamically with measurements from the
Vicra (NDI Systems, Waterloo, Ontario) used by a dedicated list-mode reconstruction
algorithm.

Inclusion Criteria:

- men and women, aged 18-55 years

- who are able to read and write

- who are able to give voluntary written informed consent

- have no current uncontrolled medical condition such as neurological, cardiovascular,
endocrine, renal, liver, or thyroid pathology

- have no history of a neurological or psychiatric disorder, e.g., no DSMIV Axis 1
diagnosis in 2 preceding years, except nicotine dependence in smokers)

- drink less than 21 drinks/week for women and less than 35 drinks per week for men

- have not used marijuana in the past 30 days and have not met criteria for dependence
in the past 2 years

- do not suffer from claustrophobia or any MRI contradictions

- nonsmokers (smoked < 40 cigarettes in lifetime with urinary cotinine levels 0-30
ng/mL both at intake evaluation and on scan day)

- smokers (smoked at least 10 cigarettes/day for at least one year with an FTND>3,
urine cotinine >150 ng/mL and CO >12 ppm at intake)

Exclusion Criteria:

- psychosis

- presence of acute or unstable medical or neurological illness. Subjects will be
excluded from the study if they present with any history of serious medical or
neurological illness or if they show signs of a major medical or neurological illness
on examination or lab testing including history of seizures, head injury, brain
tumor, heart, liver or kidney disease, eating disorder, diabetes.

- regular use of any psychotropic drugs including anxiolytics and antidepressants and
other over-the-counter medications and herbal products within the last six months

- pregnancy/breast feeding (as documented by pregnancy testing at screening or on days
of the imaging studies),

- suicidal ideation or behavior

- pacemaker or other ferromagnetic material in body.

- use of medications which affect dopamine transmission within 2 weeks of the PET study

- participation in other research studies involving ionizing radiation within one year
of the PET scans that would cause the subject to exceed the yearly dose limits for
normal volunteers