The Beneficial Effects of Healthy Snacks on Appetite Control, Satiety, and Reward-driven Eating Behavior in Young People
| Status: | Completed |
|---|---|
| Conditions: | Obesity Weight Loss |
| Therapuetic Areas: | Endocrinology |
| Healthy: | No |
| Age Range: | 13 - 19 |
| Updated: | 7/25/2018 |
| Start Date: | January 2013 |
| End Date: | January 2014 |
The Beneficial Effects of Protein-rich, Afternoon Snacks on Appetite Control, Satiety, and Reward-driven Eating Behavior in Young People
The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of normal vs. protein-rich afternoon
snacks on appetite control, satiety, and reward-driven eating (particularly in the evening)
in young people. Indices of attention and mood will also be assessed.
Study hypotheses include the following:
1. The consumption of a high-protein, soy-rich afternoon snack will lead to significant
improvements in appetite control and satiety, reductions in food motivation and reward,
and will delay the drive to eat in normal to overweight young people.
2. The consumption of a high-protein, soy-rich afternoon snack will lead to reduced
unhealthy, evening snacking, particularly on foods high in fat and/or sugar, in normal
to overweight young people.
3. The daily consumption of a high-protein, soy-rich afternoon snack will lead to
significant improvements in afternoon alertness, concentration, fatigue, and well-being
in normal to overweight young people.
snacks on appetite control, satiety, and reward-driven eating (particularly in the evening)
in young people. Indices of attention and mood will also be assessed.
Study hypotheses include the following:
1. The consumption of a high-protein, soy-rich afternoon snack will lead to significant
improvements in appetite control and satiety, reductions in food motivation and reward,
and will delay the drive to eat in normal to overweight young people.
2. The consumption of a high-protein, soy-rich afternoon snack will lead to reduced
unhealthy, evening snacking, particularly on foods high in fat and/or sugar, in normal
to overweight young people.
3. The daily consumption of a high-protein, soy-rich afternoon snack will lead to
significant improvements in afternoon alertness, concentration, fatigue, and well-being
in normal to overweight young people.
Forty adolescents will participate in the following randomized crossover-design study. Prior
to the start of the study, the participants will be asked to document their habitual
breakfast, lunch, and afternoon snack times. The snack patterns and associated testing days
will be scheduled so that each participant consumes the afternoon snack (or refrains from
snacking) 3 hours after lunch; however, the time of day when this occurs is based on the
participant's previous, habitual snack time. Once this is determined, each participant will
randomly acclimate to the following snack pattern for 3 consecutive days: 1) Higher Protein
Soy-based Snacks (250 kcal; 40% Protein; 40% Carbohydrates; 20% Fat); 2) Typical, Low Protein
Snacks (5% Protein; 50% Carbohydrates; 45% Fat); and 3) No Snack.
On day 4, the participants will consume a standard breakfast, at home, and lunch, at school,
and will come in to our facility 1 hour prior to their habitual snack time. The participants
will be placed in a window-less, comfortable room, void of all time cues. They will be
informed that they will remain in this room for the next 6 hours. The participants will begin
the testing day by completing baseline questionnaires assessing appetite, satiety, mood, and
cognitive function. A brain scan will be completed using functional magnetic resonance
imaging (fMRI) to identify brain activation patterns in response to food stimuli. Following
the fMRI scan, the respective snack will be given to the participants; they will have 15
minutes to eat the snack. A second fMRI scan will then be performed. The participants will
continue to complete the previous questionnaires until they voluntarily choose to eat. At
this time, the volunteers will be presented with an 'all you can eat' snack buffet. They will
be permitted to eat as much or as little as they would like to eat over the next 3-hour
period. The participants will remain in the facility until the full 8-hour testing day is
completed, regardless of when they requested to eat. Following the 6 hours, the participants
will be permitted to leave the facility.
to the start of the study, the participants will be asked to document their habitual
breakfast, lunch, and afternoon snack times. The snack patterns and associated testing days
will be scheduled so that each participant consumes the afternoon snack (or refrains from
snacking) 3 hours after lunch; however, the time of day when this occurs is based on the
participant's previous, habitual snack time. Once this is determined, each participant will
randomly acclimate to the following snack pattern for 3 consecutive days: 1) Higher Protein
Soy-based Snacks (250 kcal; 40% Protein; 40% Carbohydrates; 20% Fat); 2) Typical, Low Protein
Snacks (5% Protein; 50% Carbohydrates; 45% Fat); and 3) No Snack.
On day 4, the participants will consume a standard breakfast, at home, and lunch, at school,
and will come in to our facility 1 hour prior to their habitual snack time. The participants
will be placed in a window-less, comfortable room, void of all time cues. They will be
informed that they will remain in this room for the next 6 hours. The participants will begin
the testing day by completing baseline questionnaires assessing appetite, satiety, mood, and
cognitive function. A brain scan will be completed using functional magnetic resonance
imaging (fMRI) to identify brain activation patterns in response to food stimuli. Following
the fMRI scan, the respective snack will be given to the participants; they will have 15
minutes to eat the snack. A second fMRI scan will then be performed. The participants will
continue to complete the previous questionnaires until they voluntarily choose to eat. At
this time, the volunteers will be presented with an 'all you can eat' snack buffet. They will
be permitted to eat as much or as little as they would like to eat over the next 3-hour
period. The participants will remain in the facility until the full 8-hour testing day is
completed, regardless of when they requested to eat. Following the 6 hours, the participants
will be permitted to leave the facility.
Inclusion Criteria:
- Age range 13-19 years
- Normal to overweight (BMI: 50-85th percentile for BMI for age or BMI: 18-29.9 kg/m2)
- No metabolic, psychological, or neurological diseases/conditions
- Not currently or previously on a weight loss or other special diet (in the past 6
months)
- Not clinically diagnosed with an eating disorder
- Habitually eat (i.e., at least 5 times/week) breakfast between 7:00-9:00 am, lunch
between 11:00 am-1:00 pm, an afternoon snack between 2:00-4:00 pm, and dinner
- No food allergies or intolerances to soy products
- Rates the overall liking of the study snack foods higher than "Neither Like nor
Dislike" on the screening palatability questionnaire
- Right handed
Exclusion Criteria:
- Age 12 years or younger, or 20 years or older
- Underweight or Obese (below 50th or above 85th percentile for BMI for age, or BMI
below 18 or above 29.9 kg/m2)
- Any metabolic, psychological, or neurological diseases/conditions
- Currently or previously on a weight loss or other special diet (in the past 6 months)
- Clinically diagnosed with an eating disorder
- Does not habitually eat (i.e., at least 5 times/week) breakfast between 7:00-9:00 am,
lunch between 11:00 am-1:00 pm, an afternoon snack between 2:00-4:00 pm, and dinner
- Food allergies or intolerances to soy products
- Does not rate the overall liking of the study snack foods higher than "Neither Like
nor Dislike" on the screening palatability questionnaire
- Not right handed
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