Preemie Hypothermia for Neonatal Encephalopathy

Most clinical studies of neonatal encephalopathy (NE) and potential interventions have
focused on infants ≥36 weeks GA. Although many interventions have been suggested and assessed
for prevention or palliation of NE, the only one currently supported by rigorous clinical
evidence to improve outcome in human newborns has been hypothermia implemented at <6 hours of
postnatal age and maintained for 72 hrs. Data about diagnosis, frequency, severity, and
outcome of NE in infants 33-35 weeks GA are sparse.

This trial will assess safety and effectiveness of whole body hypothermia for 72 hours in
preterm infants 33-35 weeks gestational age (GA) who present at <6 hrs postnatal age with
moderate to severe neonatal encephalopathy. Infants 33 0/7 to 35 6/7 weeks GA (best
obstetrical estimate) and greater than or equal to 1500 grams birth weight (selected to
minimize potential difficulties placing esophageal probe) who meet clinical, biochemical and
neurologic criteria for moderate to severe NE will be randomized to either whole body
hypothermia or participate in a non-cooled control group. The primary outcome will be death
or moderate to severe disability at 18-22 months corrected age. The presence or absence of
disability will be determined by the standard NRN interdisciplinary follow-up exam.

Secondary Study includes determining an association between MRI detectable injury and
neurodevelopment at 18-22 months.

Inclusion Criteria:

- Infants 33 0/7 to 35 6/7 weeks GA (best obstetrical estimate)

- Infants weight greater than or equal to 1500 grams at birth

- Postnatal age less than 6 hours

- Infants who meet clinical, biochemical and neurologic criteria for moderate to severe
NE:

Biochemical: Cord gas or blood gas within first hour of life with pH ≤7.00 or base deficit
(BD) ≥16 mEq/L OR

Acute perinatal event (e.g., abruptio placenta, cord prolapse, uterine rupture, severe FHR
abnormality such as variable or late decelerations) AND Requirement for positive pressure
ventilation for apnea or poor respiratory effort since birth for at least 10 minutes OR 10
minute Apgar score ≤5

AND

Neurologic:

Seizures OR modified Sarnat score with abnormalities in at least 3 of the 6 categories; at
least one must be altered level of consciousness (lethargy or stupor/coma) as determined by
a certified examiner (All infants who meet criteria for potential inclusion will undergo
standard neurologic exam as for infants ≥36 wks GA being considered for hypothermia, with
findings recorded)

Exclusion Criteria:

- Receipt of sedative, analgesic or paralytic agent that may confound the qualifying
neurologic exam

- Etiology of NE not likely to be hypoxic-ischemic in origin

- Major congenital anomaly that may confound outcome

- Considered to be moribund and will not be receiving full intensive care

- Equipment and/or appropriate staff not available

- Core temperature < 33.5oC for more than one hour at time of screening

- Unable to randomize by 6 hours of age

- Infant needs ECMO

- All blood gases (cord and postnatal at < 1hr of age) have a pH > 7.15 AND a base
deficit < 10mEq/L