Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Depression in People With Heart Failure

This study aims to develop an intervention based on interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) and
behavioral activation (BA) techniques to treat depression in people with congestive heart
failure. By addressing how participants' loss of functioning has changed their personal
relationships, the psychotherapy will help participants to discuss how they are coping with
their illness and loss of functioning. It will also help participants with heart failure to
develop new recreational activities in keeping with their new level of functioning. The
study will first develop the methods for the intervention and then pilot the study in a
small randomized, controlled trial.

Access to care has been a major barrier to treatment in prior psychosocial studies in
cardiac patients. Because many people with advanced heart failure are homebound, the
treatment in this study will be administered primarily by telephone, which will greatly
enhance dissemination of the intervention. The treatment techniques developed will be
applicable to a range of homebound patients and frail elderly, not just patients with heart
failure. The long-term goal of the study is to develop pragmatic interventions to reduce
depression in people coping with irreversible functional decline.

Specific Aim #1 - Treatment Standardization: The purpose of this phase will be to develop an
intervention that addresses the emotional and behavioral consequences of heart failure by 1)
integrating IPT and BA techniques to address both interpersonal and functional issues
related to disability, 2) applying IPT theory of "role transition" and "grief and loss" to
coping with functional decline, 3) applying BA interventions to maximize functioning in
patients with severe impairment due to medical illness, 4) developing the techniques needed
to implement both IPT and BA successfully over the telephone, 5) developing the methods to
implement an appropriate attention control (AC) group, 6) generating complementary visual
materials for patients to enhance understanding of the therapeutic model, and 7) evaluating
a range of functional assessments to be used as alternative outcomes. Two therapists will
conduct the treatment by telephone with 15 depressed heart failure patients. Participants'
baseline 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) total score will be compared
with the HRSD total score from Weeks 6 and 12.

Specific Aim #2 - Treatment Evaluation: The purpose of this phase will be to pilot the new
treatment in a randomized, controlled trial of people suffering major or minor depression.
This phase will include the application of therapist training techniques, assessment of
treatment fidelity, and selection of optimal outcome, adherence, process, and treatment
quality measures. Participants will be randomly assigned to receive IPT or an attention
control condition (AC). Both groups will attend 12 sessions, 9 of which will be 30-minute to
1-hour sessions over the phone. The remaining 3 will be in-home visits lasting 1 to 2 hours.
The IPT group will receive IPT designed for people with heart failure. The AC group will not
receive therapy. Instead, a clinician will ask them questions about their depression and
heart failure. Depressive symptoms will be measured for all participants using the HRSD at
baseline and Weeks 6 and 12.

Specific Aim #3 - Treatment Feasibility: In both the standardization and evaluation phases,
specific treatment feasibility issues will be addressed. The main feasibility issue will be
the acceptability and effectiveness of a telephone administered intervention with severely
impaired older people. In addition, recruitment and retention issues will be addressed in
all stages of treatment development. The main outcome of this aim will be adequate
recruitment sources, including adequate representation of minorities, to conduct a large
scale R01 intervention.