Effect IV Ibuprofen and Inflammatory Responses

This is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, two-arm parallel, multi-center
study.

Thirty subjects (15 in each arm) will be enrolled. Subjects, over the age of 18, undergoing
laparoscopic cholecystectomy under general anesthesia will be screened for eligibility to
participate in the study. Subjects will be screened, recruited, and randomized during the
preadmission visit or the day of surgery. Eligible subjects will be randomized to one of the
two treatment group in a 1:1 ratio to receive either IV ibuprofen or matching placebo. Both
men and women will be recruited, and there is no limitation as to racial and ethnic origin.

Participation in the study will not alter the patient's anesthetic management. Routine
anesthesia monitors used during general anesthesia will be used. Patients will receive
either 800mg IV ibuprofen or placebo pre-operatively. After pre-oxygenation, general
anesthesia will be induced with lidocaine (1 mg/kg), propofol (1-2 mg/kg), and fentanyl (up
to 5 mcg/kg). Tracheal intubation will be facilitated with rocuronium (0.6 mg/kg).
Anesthesia will be maintained with air/oxygen (60%/40%), sevoflurane, and fentanyl. The
anesthesiologist will be allowed to administer additional doses of fentanyl at his/her
discretion. All patients will receive ondansetron 4 mg prior to the end of operation.
Patients will be awakened and extubated in the OR and will be transferred to the PACU after
following simple commands. All patients will also be able to receive rescue doses of opioids
as indicated by a Numeric Pain Rating Scale score >2 or upon request.

ii. Sample Size Justification: The proposed study is a pilot trial designed to explore the
relationship between inflammatory markers and the quality of recovery. To our knowledge this
vital connection has never been investigated. Therefore, we cannot use commonly accepted
methods of sample size calculations. Mahdy et al examined levels of IL-6, IL-10, and
cortisol in patients undergoing urological surgery and treated with indomethacin versus
placebo (12). A sample size of twenty three patients per group was sufficient to show a
difference in cytokine levels. Tasdogan et al compared levels of IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-alpha
in patients requiring postoperative ventilation after abdominal surgery and treated with
dexmedetomidine versus propofol (18). A sample size of twenty patients per group was
sufficient to demonstrate the difference in cytokine concentrations. Kim et al studied
changes in cytokine levels in patients undergoing total abdominal hysterectomy and
pretreated with clonidine (19). These investigators studied ten patients per group. The
sample size was sufficient to demonstrate changes in IL-6 related to surgical stress.
Therefore, we believe, that a sample size of 30 patients per group is an adequate sample to
demonstrate the changes in level of inflammatory markers and explore the quality of
recovery.

iii. IV ibuprofen administration The study drug will be given via intravenous infusion
beginning after a placement of the IV line. The dose will be fixed at 800mg infused over 5
minutes.

iv. Inclusion criteria:

1. Adults, 18 and over, who will undergo laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

2. Subject is non-lactating and is either:

1. Not of childbearing potential

2. Of childbearing potential but is not pregnant at time of baseline as determined by
pre-surgical pregnancy testing.

3. Subject is ASA physical status 1, 2, or 3. v. Exclusion criteria:

1. Cognitively impaired (by history) 2. Subject requires chronic antipsychotic history 3.
Subject is anticipated to require an additional surgery within 90 days after the intended
surgery 4. Chronic use of steroids or opioids 5. Subject has received treatment with COX
inhibitors within 3 days of study entry 6. Subject for whom opiates, benzodiazepines, and
COX inhibitors are contraindicated vi. Endpoints: Concentration of the cytokines TNF-alpha,
IL-1Beta, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, and IFN-gamma as well as prostaglandin E2, cortisol and c
reactive protein at different time points will be our primary outcome. Changes in mediator
levels in the IV ibuprofen versus placebo groups will be compared. Plasma samples will be
collected before administration of any drug (after placement of IV lines), before induction,
at the end of the surgery in the operating room and 2-3 hours after the end of the surgery
in the PACU.

All plasma samples will be analyzed in the laboratory of Susan Gould-Fogerite, PhD.

The secondary outcome parameters will be the quality of recovery score (QoR-40) to measure
quality of recovery from surgery and a simple fatigue scale. Forty questions in five
dimensions will be scored by patients on a five-point Likert scale. This assessment was
developed and validated by Myles et al (20). Nine points fatigue scale is often used to
assess progress of recovery in head trauma patients. Geriatric depression scale and digits
backward and forward will be utilized. All metrics will be administered on the day of
surgery, before the surgery, 2-3 hours after the end of the surgery in the PACUand on
postoperative days 1 and 3. Exploratory analysis will examine whether correlations exist
between inflammatory mediator concentrations and the objective measures of recovery and
fatigue.

vii. Methods and Procedures

1. Data monitoring plan Adverse events will include events reported by the subject and
thought to be associated with the research. Unanticipated problems and adverse events will
be gathered by study investigators. Adverse events will be evaluated at each study visit,
including follow up telephone calls. Any serious adverse effects will be reported to the IRB
according to regulatory requirements.

Inclusion Criteria:

- undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy under general anesthesia

- American Society of Anesthesiologists status of 1, 2 or 3 (as determined by the
anesthesiologists)

- not pregnant of breast feeding

Exclusion Criteria:

- cognitively impaired

- using antipsychotic drugs

- chronic use of steroids or opioids

- subject has received COX inhibitors within 3 days if surgery

- subjects for whom opiates, benzodiazepines and COX inhibitors are contraindicated

- subjects with a history of bleeding disorders or peptic ulcer disease