A Pilot Study of Candesartan as a Treatment for Cocaine Dependence

The noradrenergic system may play an important role in cocaine addiction in humans.
Angiotensin II (Ang II) is known to enhance noradrenergic activity, which contributes to
effects on blood pressure and sympathetic nervous system responses to stress. Inhibition of
Ang II has been shown to reduce cravings for stimulants, including cocaine and
methamphetamine.

This clinical trial among 75 cocaine-dependent subjects is designed to test the efficacy of
the Angiotensin II receptor antagonist, Candesartan, for treatment of cocaine dependence. The
results of this study will provide medical safety and efficacy data, and will guide future
pharmacotherapy trials using this class of medications for cocaine addiction.

This 8-week trial includes a 1-week titration of the medication and 7-weeks of full dose
medication (weeks 2-8), with all subjects receiving the active agent.

At the conclusion of the trial, subjects who wish to be referred to an appropriate treatment
program or treatment research program will be assisted with a referral.

Inclusion Criteria:

To be eligible for study entry, all subjects must satisfy the following criteria:

1. Age 18 to 64 years inclusive;

2. Females either must be of non-child bearing potential (i.e., surgically sterilized or
postmenopausal) or must be using adequate contraception, have a negative pregnancy
test, and must agree to continue to use such precautions for the duration of the
study.

3. Meets Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Edition (DSM-IV-TR)
criteria for a principal diagnosis of cocaine dependence as confirmed by the MINI
and/or as per PI/study investigator's examination of the patient during screening.
(Per DSM-IV-TR, principal diagnosis is the condition that is the primary target of
treatment at the time of presentation);

4. Motivated to discontinue or reduce cocaine use during the period of the study, as
evidenced both by the judgment of the Investigator or designee and by the subject's
compliance level with the requirement for attendance at clinic visits such that the
urine sample requirements for inclusion criteria #6 is fully met;

5. Has a positive pattern of cocaine usage as determined by provision of at least one
cocaine positive urine sample (benzoylecgonine (BE) level at least 300 ng/ml) during
the screening period; typically conducted over a 7-14 day period.

6. In good general health as determined by self-reported and/or computer-based medical
history, general clinical examination, and laboratory tests;

7. Has provided written informed consent.

8. Are cooperative, willing and able to participate and adhere to the protocol
requirements

Exclusion Criteria:

Subjects will be excluded from the study if one or more of the following statements are
applicable:

1. Subject is taking angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors such as benazepril
(Lotensin, in Lotrel), captopril (Capoten, in Capozide), enalapril (Vasotec, in
Lexxel, in Vaseretic), fosinopril (Monopril), lisinopril (Prinivil, Zestril, in
Prinzide, in Zestoretic), moexipril (Univasc, in Uniretic), perindopril, (Aceon),
quinapril (Accupril, in Accuretic, in Quinaretic), ramipril (Altace), and trandolapril
(Mavik, in Tarka); lithium (Eskalith Controlled-Release, Eskalith, Lithobid);

2. Subject is on psychotropic medications, an MAOI, or an opiate antagonist;

3. Subject is currently taking a dopaminergic, dopamine-blocking, dopamine-modulating, or
other central dopamine-altering drug (e.g., antipsychotic drugs); a monoamine oxidase
inhibitor (MAOI); or an opiate antagonist;

4. Subject has an unstable medical, neurologic, or psychiatric illness that would
interfere with the subject's safety, ability to participate in the study, or the
interpretability of data. Subjects who meet the DSM-IV-R criteria for psychosis,
schizophrenia, bipolar disorder or clinically significant suicidal ideation as
assessed by the PI/study investigator and/or the MINI will be excluded. Subjects who
have been taking stable doses of antidepressants for at least 3 months at the time the
consent is signed will be allowed onto the study unless those antidepressants are of
the types specified under exclusion criteria #3,above;

5. Subject is dependent on benzodiazepines, barbiturates, amphetamines, opiates
(including methadone or buprenorphine maintenance treatment) according to the DSM-IV-R
and as assessed by the PI/study investigator and/or the MINI; 6

6. Subject is, in the investigator's opinion, at risk of requiring medical detoxification
for alcohol dependence during the study;

7. Subject has participated in another clinical trial or received any other
investigational compound within 7 days prior to being randomized into this study;

8. Significant medical conditions (e.g., major cardiovascular, renal, endocrine, hepatic
disorders, immunosuppressive disorders) such as abnormal liver function (with
laboratory findings of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) or serum
glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) greater than three times normal), hypotension,
hypertension, a current cardiac condition, and those having a high risk of
cardiovascular disease, seizure disorder, or another significant underlying medical
condition which would contraindicate Candesartan treatment;

9. Upon review of a compilation of screening data, at the discretion of the PI/study
investigator, a participant may be excluded from the study if they test positive
during the screening process for any substance other than cocaine or marijuana;

10. Female subjects with a positive pregnancy test, lactating mothers, women refusing to
agree to pregnancy tests during the study, women who are planning to become pregnant
during the period of the trial or women of child-bearing potential who refuse to agree
to use adequate contraception during the study. Acceptable contraceptive methods are
oral or parenteral hormonal contraceptives, intrauterine device (IUD), or barrier and
spermicide, but not abstinence; OR Male subjects refusing to agree to use adequate
contraception during the study, or males who are part of a couple planning to become
pregnant during the period of the trial;

11. Any other factor that per the Investigator/designee would make the subject unsafe or
unsuitable for the study.