Development of a Manualized Wireless Moisture Pager Intervention for Teaching Toileting in Children With Autism

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Age 3-6 years old

2. ASD diagnosis confirmed by licensed professional through administration of the ADOS
or ADOS-2, depending upon availability of data

3. Status consistent with DSM-IV (or DSM-V, depending upon availability) diagnostic
criteria for primary daytime enuresis (with exception of criterion that child is at
least 5 years old), confirmed by the K- SADS

4. A positive determination of readiness for toilet training, as determined through
aToileting Readiness Checklist developed through a review of relevant literature on
toilet training with children with autism (with 4 or more of 7 signs in the
checklist, with 3 of these criteria required).

5. Consent from parent

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Medical conditions that would interfere with toilet training procedures (e.g.,
physical disabilities)

2. Physical disorder that may contribute to incontinence (e.g., diabetes, urinary tract
infection, or seizures)

3. Anticipation of medication changes to occur during the 3-month intervention period

4. Medication for enuresis

5. A parent report that the child has urinated into a toilet 2 times or more when toilet
trips are initiated by child, AND/OR 20% or more of the total instances in which a
caretaker had initiated a toileting opportunity (to be estimated by study team member
during initial conversation. If parent is unsure, they may be asked to monitor
toileting behavior for a week, and the team member can call back to review with
parent).

6. Parent report that the child has participated in systematic training efforts, under
the guidance of a clinician (e.g., physician, psychologist) for more than 8 weeks
(total) in the previous 6months.

7. Active drug or alcohol use or dependence on the part of the parent that, in the
opinion of the site investigator, would interfere with adherence to study re-
quirements.