Organizational Skills Training for Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common mental disorders
among children. Children with ADHD frequently lack organizational, time management, and
planning skills. These deficits can cause impaired functioning in multiple settings,
including home, school, and peer relationships. Advancements in treatment options for these
deficits, however, have been minimal. Previous research has indicated that organizational
skills training (OST) is an effective intervention for improving organizational skills in
children with ADHD. Its effectiveness relative to other available treatments is unknown.
This study will compare the effectiveness of OST with that of contingency management (CM)
and a waitlist condition in improving organizational, time management, and planning skills
deficits in children with ADHD.

Participants in this study are randomly assigned to OST, CM, or Wait-List (WL). Participants
in the OST and CM groups attend 20 1-hour sessions over 10 weeks. OST trains children to use
a variety of techniques for improving their organizational skills. Both children and their
parents attend every OST session. CM does not involve skills training. Rather, CM trains
parents and teachers to identify desired "end" behaviors and to increase the frequency of
these behaviors through the use of a structured reward system. Both children and their
parents attend every CM session, but the children's participation will be minimal.
Participants assigned to the waitlist condition will have the opportunity to receive their
choice of either OST or CM once they have completed the study. All participants attend
follow-up visits 1 month post-treatment. Participants assigned to OST and CM attend
follow-up visits after 1 and 4 months into their next school grade. School performance,
feelings about school, ADHD symptoms, organizational skills, family environment, medication
or services received, and use of treatment strategies will be assessed at each follow-up
visit.

Inclusion Criteria:

- Between grades 3 and 5 in school

- Meets criteria for ADHD, any subtype (a formal diagnosis prior to study entry is not
necessary)

- Meets minimum score requirements on either Conners Parent or Conners Teacher Rating
Scales

- Meets minimum criteria for organizational, time management, and planning deficits, as
reported by parent or teacher

- Estimated IQ is greater than 85, as determined by the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of
Intelligence

- Has a teacher that is willing to participate

- Parents' schedule will allow attendance at study visits

Exclusion Criteria:

- Attends an all-day special education classroom or works with a para-professional in
school

- Diagnosis of pervasive developmental disorder (PDD), psychosis, bipolar disorder, or
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

- Current history of significant suicidality or sexual or physical abuse

- Any other comorbid psychiatric diagnosis or medical condition with significant
symptoms that may interfere with study participation (e.g., severe depression,
obsessive-compulsive disorder [OCD], or cystic fibrosis)

- Child's teacher has previously participated in this study