Insulin Differences Between African-American and Caucasian Female Adolescents With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)
| Status: | Completed |
|---|---|
| Conditions: | Ovarian Cancer, Women's Studies |
| Therapuetic Areas: | Oncology, Reproductive |
| Healthy: | No |
| Age Range: | 12 - 18 |
| Updated: | 4/2/2016 |
| Start Date: | January 2014 |
| End Date: | June 2015 |
Differences in Insulin Secretion and Insulin Sensitivity/Resistance in African-American and Caucasian Adolescent Females With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
The purpose of this research study is to see if there are differences between
African-American and Caucasian girls with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) in how their
bodies respond to a type of sugar, called glucose, the body's main source of energy. PCOS is
one of the most common endocrine disorders among females. Features can include anovulation
(eggs are not released from the ovaries) resulting in irregular menstrual periods, excessive
amounts of androgenic (male) hormones resulting in acne and hirsutism (excessive hair growth
on the face and body), and polycystic ovaries (small sac-like structures [cysts] on your
ovaries) seen on ultrasound. Girls with PCOS also have higher levels of insulin in their
bodies (called hyperinsulinism) but are not able to use insulin very well (called insulin
resistance) resulting in an increased risk of diabetes. Diabetes is when you have high
levels of glucose (sugar) in your blood. Many studies have looked at how bodies respond to
glucose and have shown that compared to Caucasians, healthy African-Americans produce much
more insulin (hyperinsulinism) but are not able to use it as well (insulin resistance) in
childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Insulin is a hormone that helps glucose move from the
blood into the muscles for the body to use as energy. PCOS is associated with increased
levels of insulin (hyperinsulinism) and not being able to use it as well (insulin
resistance). So we want to see if there is a difference in insulin production (secretion)
and insulin resistance between African-Americans and Caucasians girls with PCOS. To do this,
we will look at blood glucose and insulin levels in response to giving glucose in
African-American and Caucasian girls who have PCOS. The results of this study may ultimately
help to more effectively target treatment therapy in individuals with PCOS that have
increased insulin secretion and/or increased insulin resistance.
African-American and Caucasian girls with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) in how their
bodies respond to a type of sugar, called glucose, the body's main source of energy. PCOS is
one of the most common endocrine disorders among females. Features can include anovulation
(eggs are not released from the ovaries) resulting in irregular menstrual periods, excessive
amounts of androgenic (male) hormones resulting in acne and hirsutism (excessive hair growth
on the face and body), and polycystic ovaries (small sac-like structures [cysts] on your
ovaries) seen on ultrasound. Girls with PCOS also have higher levels of insulin in their
bodies (called hyperinsulinism) but are not able to use insulin very well (called insulin
resistance) resulting in an increased risk of diabetes. Diabetes is when you have high
levels of glucose (sugar) in your blood. Many studies have looked at how bodies respond to
glucose and have shown that compared to Caucasians, healthy African-Americans produce much
more insulin (hyperinsulinism) but are not able to use it as well (insulin resistance) in
childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Insulin is a hormone that helps glucose move from the
blood into the muscles for the body to use as energy. PCOS is associated with increased
levels of insulin (hyperinsulinism) and not being able to use it as well (insulin
resistance). So we want to see if there is a difference in insulin production (secretion)
and insulin resistance between African-Americans and Caucasians girls with PCOS. To do this,
we will look at blood glucose and insulin levels in response to giving glucose in
African-American and Caucasian girls who have PCOS. The results of this study may ultimately
help to more effectively target treatment therapy in individuals with PCOS that have
increased insulin secretion and/or increased insulin resistance.
PCOS is the most common endocrine abnormality of reproductive-aged women in the United
States, affecting approximately 5 million women (1). The exact prevalence of PCOS in the
adolescent population is unknown mainly attributed to the diagnostic challenge PCOS presents
as the characteristics of normal puberty overlap with the signs and symptoms of PCOS (2).
The key features of PCOS include menstrual irregularity, hyper¬androgenism, and polycystic
ovarian morphology on ultrasound. However, clinical presentation may vary. It is a complex
heterogeneous condition with life-long psychological, reproductive, and metabolic
manifestations that impact a woman's health throughout her lifespan. PCOS is associated with
major metabolic consequences including hyperinsulinism (i.e. increased insulin secretion),
insulin resistance (i.e. decreased insulin sensitivity), obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus,
dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease, endothelial dysfunction, defective fibrino¬lysis, as
well as endometrial carcinoma (3).
Particular disease processes show a predilection for certain racial and ethnic groups.
African-American [AA] adults are at increased risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus,
cardiovascular disease mortality, and hyper¬tension compared to Caucasian [CA] adults. Past
studies (4-9) have found that AAs have increased insulin secretion and decreased insulin
sensitivity compared to their CA counterparts in adolescence and adulthood and even in
childhood. These findings are secondary to the combination of increased insulin secretion
and resistance with decreased insulin sensitivity and clearance noted in African-Americans.
It is this combination of altered glucose metabolism that places AAs at increased risk of
cardiovascular and metabolic morbidity. It has been proposed that hyperinsulinism or
increased insulin secretion is a compensatory response by the pancreatic β-cell to increased
insulin resistance. However, it has also been speculated that it is insulin resistance that
is the compensatory response occurring in response to insulin hyper-secretion caused by
pancreatic β-cell dysregulation (10-11).
Hyperinsulinism and insulin resistance are known inherent features of PCOS. Several studies
have demonstrated significant hyperinsulinism with insulin resistance and lowered insulin
sensitivity in adolescents and adults with PCOS when compared to BMI-matched healthy control
subjects (12-18). Marked differences in insulin sensitivity/resistance and PCOS phenotype
have been reported in adults of different races/ethnicities with PCOS (19-23), however;
other studies have refuted these claims (24-27). The objective of this study is to examine
the differences in insulin secretion between AA and CA adolescents with PCOS. We will also
examine differences in insulin sensitivity/resistance between AA and CA adolescents with
PCOS.
Primary Aim: To determine the influence of racial/ethnic background on insulin secretion in
adolescent females with PCOS.
Secondary Aim: To determine the influence of racial/ethnic background on insulin
sensitivity/resistance in adolescent females with PCOS.
Hypothesis: AA adolescent females with PCOS will have increased insulin secretion and
decreased insulin sensitivity (i.e. increased insulin resistance) compared to CA adolescent
females with PCOS.
To address this hypothesis, we will utilize one of the gold standards endorsed by the
American Diabetes Association that satisfactorily assess insulin secretion and insulin
sensitivity/resistance. The method utilized in this study is the frequently sampled
intravenous glucose tolerance test with minimal model analysis (MINMOD FSIVGTT) (28-32).
Using the data that is gathered as part of our primary and secondary aims, we will also
conduct an exploratory analysis to examine the influence of PCOS phenotype on insulin
secretion and insulin sensitivity/resistance and the influence of racial/ethnic background
on PCOS phenotype.
States, affecting approximately 5 million women (1). The exact prevalence of PCOS in the
adolescent population is unknown mainly attributed to the diagnostic challenge PCOS presents
as the characteristics of normal puberty overlap with the signs and symptoms of PCOS (2).
The key features of PCOS include menstrual irregularity, hyper¬androgenism, and polycystic
ovarian morphology on ultrasound. However, clinical presentation may vary. It is a complex
heterogeneous condition with life-long psychological, reproductive, and metabolic
manifestations that impact a woman's health throughout her lifespan. PCOS is associated with
major metabolic consequences including hyperinsulinism (i.e. increased insulin secretion),
insulin resistance (i.e. decreased insulin sensitivity), obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus,
dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease, endothelial dysfunction, defective fibrino¬lysis, as
well as endometrial carcinoma (3).
Particular disease processes show a predilection for certain racial and ethnic groups.
African-American [AA] adults are at increased risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus,
cardiovascular disease mortality, and hyper¬tension compared to Caucasian [CA] adults. Past
studies (4-9) have found that AAs have increased insulin secretion and decreased insulin
sensitivity compared to their CA counterparts in adolescence and adulthood and even in
childhood. These findings are secondary to the combination of increased insulin secretion
and resistance with decreased insulin sensitivity and clearance noted in African-Americans.
It is this combination of altered glucose metabolism that places AAs at increased risk of
cardiovascular and metabolic morbidity. It has been proposed that hyperinsulinism or
increased insulin secretion is a compensatory response by the pancreatic β-cell to increased
insulin resistance. However, it has also been speculated that it is insulin resistance that
is the compensatory response occurring in response to insulin hyper-secretion caused by
pancreatic β-cell dysregulation (10-11).
Hyperinsulinism and insulin resistance are known inherent features of PCOS. Several studies
have demonstrated significant hyperinsulinism with insulin resistance and lowered insulin
sensitivity in adolescents and adults with PCOS when compared to BMI-matched healthy control
subjects (12-18). Marked differences in insulin sensitivity/resistance and PCOS phenotype
have been reported in adults of different races/ethnicities with PCOS (19-23), however;
other studies have refuted these claims (24-27). The objective of this study is to examine
the differences in insulin secretion between AA and CA adolescents with PCOS. We will also
examine differences in insulin sensitivity/resistance between AA and CA adolescents with
PCOS.
Primary Aim: To determine the influence of racial/ethnic background on insulin secretion in
adolescent females with PCOS.
Secondary Aim: To determine the influence of racial/ethnic background on insulin
sensitivity/resistance in adolescent females with PCOS.
Hypothesis: AA adolescent females with PCOS will have increased insulin secretion and
decreased insulin sensitivity (i.e. increased insulin resistance) compared to CA adolescent
females with PCOS.
To address this hypothesis, we will utilize one of the gold standards endorsed by the
American Diabetes Association that satisfactorily assess insulin secretion and insulin
sensitivity/resistance. The method utilized in this study is the frequently sampled
intravenous glucose tolerance test with minimal model analysis (MINMOD FSIVGTT) (28-32).
Using the data that is gathered as part of our primary and secondary aims, we will also
conduct an exploratory analysis to examine the influence of PCOS phenotype on insulin
secretion and insulin sensitivity/resistance and the influence of racial/ethnic background
on PCOS phenotype.
Inclusion Criteria:
- Children and adolescents ages 12-18 years
- African-American and Caucasian females
- Menarchal for at least 2 years
- Hemoglobin A1C <6.5%
- Medical Condition: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) - based on AES criteria: HA in
addition to ANOV and/or PCO
- Hyperandrogenism (required): Serum Testosterone > 50 ng/dl or Free Testosterone
(%) > 1.4% or Free Testosterone > 7 pg/mL
- Oligo- and/or Anovulation: menstrual cycles lengths > 35 days and/or < 8
menstrual cycles a year
- Polycystic Ovaries: transabdominal or trans-vaginal ultrasound finding of 12 or
more follicles measuring 2-6 mm in diameter or increased ovarian volume (> 10
mL)
- Medications: Medication-naive to treatment therapy with Metformin, Oral
Contraceptives, and Anti-androgen medications
Exclusion Criteria:
- Ages <12 or >18
- Prepubertal, Premenarche
- Hemoglobin A1C ≥6.5%
- Medical Conditions: Hypothyroidism, Hyperthyroidism, Diabetes Mellitus, Congenital
Adrenal Hyperplasia, Hyperprolactinemia, Pregnancy
- Medications: Past and/or Present treatment therapy with Metformin, Oral
Contraceptives, Anti-androgen medications, Insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents
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Columbus, Ohio 43205
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