MIS ReFRESH: Robotic vs. Freehand Minimally Invasive Spinal Surgeries

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Adult patients (age over 21 years), undergoing short (4 or less consecutive vertebrae)
lumbar or lumbosacral percutaneous/MIS spinal fixation surgery.

2. May include surgeries involving iliac screws, although these screws will not be
included in the data analysis.

3. Primary fusion surgery

4. Patient capable of complying with study requirements

5. Signed informed consent by patient

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Pregnancy

2. Revision surgery (prior laminectomy or discectomy is not excluded).

3. Infection or malignancy

4. Primary abnormalities of bones (e.g. osteogenesis imperfecta)

5. Primary muscle diseases, such as muscular dystrophy

6. Neurologic diseases (e.g. Charcot-Marie Tooth, Guillain-Barre syndrome, cerebral
palsy, spina bifida or neurofibroma)

7. Spinal cord abnormalities with any neurologic symptoms or signs

8. Spinal cord lesions requiring neurosurgical interventions, such as hydromyelia

9. Paraplegia

10. Patients who have participated in a research study involving an investigational
product in the 12 weeks prior to surgery

11. Patients requiring anterior release or instrumentation

12. Any other significant disease or disorder which, in the opinion of the Investigator,
may either put the participants at risk because of participation in the study, or may
influence the result of the study.

13. Patient cannot follow study protocol, for any reason

14. Patient cannot or will not sign informed consent