Development of Clinical Methods to Evaluate Neural Function in Aging

As part of participation, the subjects will attend up to 4 visits. During the visits the
following testing may occur:

- Vital signs (heart rate, blood pressure), height and weight will be measured.

- Tests that assess your mobility and questions about physical function. These tests are
listed below and will not be conducted in a particular order, and will take
approximately 1.5 hours to complete.

- Walking tests,

- Tests of physical ability that include:

1. Standing up from chairs of different height

2. Lying on the floor and rising to a standing position

3. Kneeling on the floor and rising to standing position

4. Climbing a flight of stairs

5. Lift a weighted laundry basket and placing it on a shelf

- Muscle strength tests will be performed on the legs and arms.

- Questionnaires that address physical function.

- Muscle and nerve testing will be done.

- During the above testing, sensors will be worn on the forehead that use invisible
light to indirectly measure blood flow and blood oxygen content of the brain. In
addition, sensors may be worn the fingers that measure how the skin conducts
electricity. A chest strap that measures heart beats will also be worn. These
measures are safe and provide information about the nervous system responds to
physical and/or mental challenges.

- Tests will be done that measure memory, attention, vocabulary, problem solving, and
planning skills.

- A bone density and body composition measured (scanned) by the machine called DEXA. DEXA
scans, like x-rays, are painless, and involve exposure to very small amounts of
radiation.

- Images of the brain will be taken using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Magnetic
resonance imaging (MRI) is a procedure that allows doctors to look inside the body by
using a scanner that sends out a strong magnetic field and radio waves.

All of these test are done for this study and will not be used to diagnose or treat any
medical problems.

The expected length of participation is approximately six hours total, over the course of 4
separate visits.

Inclusion Criteria:

- Age 60 years and older OR 20-30 years

- Higher functioning older adults: Score ≥ 11 on the Short Physical Performance Battery
(SPPB)

- Lower functioning older adults: Score ≤ 8 on the SPPB

- Body mass index: 20-35 kg/m2 to ensure homogeneity and strength of signal for EMG and
MRI analyses

- Willingness to participate in all study procedures

Exclusion Criteria:

- Failure to provide informed consent;

- Contraindications to MRI, such as claustrophobia, heart pacemaker / defibrillator,
heart valve prosthesis, aneurysm clip, metallic stent, neurostimulation system,
cochlear implants or inner ear prosthesis, insulin pump or other infusion pump, metal
slivers in the orbital area/eye socket

- active treatment for cancer or history of cancer in the past year

- Severe cardiac disease, including NYHA Class III or IV congestive heart failure,
clinically significant aortic stenosis, history of cardiac arrest or stroke, use of a
cardiac defibrillator, or uncontrolled angina;

- previous stroke with upper and/or lower extremities involvement within the last 6
months

- history of life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias, stroke, severe Parkinson's disease or
severe neurological disorders likely to interfere with physical function

- renal disease requiring dialysis

- lung disease requiring steroids

- lower extremity amputation

- severe osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis that interferes with physical function

- complicated diabetes requiring insulin

- A known diagnosis of dementia

- Unable to communicate because of severe hearing loss or speech disorder;

- Severe visual impairment, which would preclude completion of the assessments and/or
intervention;

- Simultaneous participation in another intervention trial