Sildenafil for the Treatment of Lymphatic Malformations

Lymphatic malformations (LMs) are localized areas of abnormal development of the lymphatic
system that commonly occur in the head and neck of children. LMs are considered a rare or
orphan disease which causes complications including pain, ulceration, secondary infection,
infiltration of other organs, and death. Current therapies involve surgical excision or
methods of chemical or physical destruction of portions of lesions. No therapies are
uniformly effective and all have the risk of significant adverse events. We recently
witnessed almost complete resolution of a LM lesion in a child who was treated with
sildenafil oral therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension. We have subsequently evaluated
additional subjects who improved with sildenafil. The goal of this clinical research trial is
to document the benefit or absence of benefit of sildenafil therapy for LMs and identify
which type of patient will benefit from sildenafil. This study is a double-blind
placebo-controlled trial which involves precise documentation of volume changes associated
with therapy or placebo by using MRI segmentation techniques. We will also observe and
document the clinical response to sildenafil or placebo using clinical evaluation scores and
surveys. The results of the study should identify characteristics of LM lesions which may
suggest a beneficial response to sildenafil therapy. Sildenafil has very low risk of side
effects in the dosage used in this trial. Documentation of an effective response of LMs to
sildenafil will accelerate the interest in, and the ability to understand, the mechanisms of
LM formation and treatment.

Inclusion Criteria:

Subjects must:

- Be legally authorized representative of subjects willing and able to give consent.
Assent obtained for subjects 7 - 10 years old.

- Be between the ages of 6 months - 10 years of age at the time of entry into the study.

- Be at the minimum weight of 8 kg at the time of enrollment.

- Be required to have the clinical diagnosis of lymphatic malformation that appears to
be over 3 cm in greatest diameter in order to be evaluated for entry. A review of a
previous MRI examination may help confirm the entry criteria on subjects selected to
come to Stanford for the MRI screening.

- Have the lymphatic malformation cause enough disability for the subject that requires
them to consider systemic therapy.

- For female subjects: must not be pregnant or breast-feeding.

- Have a parent or legally authorized representative willing and able to ensure subject
is present for all required study visits.

- Have a required MRI examination to confirm that the lymphatic malformation is present
and is greater than 3 cm in diameter in order for the subjects to receive medication,
which happens during the initial screening evaluation portion of the trial.

- Have no contraindications for the use of sildenafil.

- Have a normal eye examination.

- Have normal liver and kidney function.

- Have no contraindication to MRI examinations such as metal implants, etc.

- Not be a smoker.

Exclusion Criteria:

A Subject with any of the following criteria is not eligible for inclusion in this study:

- Medically unstable health status that may interfere with his/her ability to complete
the study.

- Has one or more of the following medical conditions:

Hepatic impairment, severe renal impairment, lymphedema conditions such as Milroy disease,
Meige lymphedema, Hennekam syndrome, Njolstad syndrome, Aagenaes syndrome, and Fabry
disease, hypotension or at risk for hypotension, seizures or history of seizures, any
significant cardiovascular risk factors and any condition which requires participants to
use nitric oxide donors or nitrates in any form, underlying anatomic or vascular risk
factor for developing non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) including
low ocular cup to disc ratio, diabetes, hypertension, coronary artery disease, or
hyperlipidemia Participants with Down syndrome, Turner syndrome and Noonan syndrome will be
considered on a case-by-case basis.

- Has received at least one of the following medications contraindicated in association
with sildenafil within 15 days of inclusion:

- Organic nitrates in any form, either regularly or intermittently -- Consistent
with its known effects on the nitric oxide/cGMP pathway, sildenafil was shown to
potentiate the hypotensive effects of nitrates.

- Ritonavir and other Potent CYP3A Inhibitors --- Concomitant use of REVATIO with
ritonavir and other potent CYP3A inhibitors is not recommended.

- Alpha-blockers --- co-administering alpha-blockers with REVATIO because of
additive blood pressure-lowering effects

- Amlodipine

- Cimetidine

- Requires concomitant use of potent cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibitors (such as
ketoconazole, itraconazole, erythromycin, saquinavir), or concomitant use of
ritonavir. Also excluded are concomitant use of organic nitrates, alpha-blockers,
amlodipine, or cimetidine.

- Cannot confirm that the lesion is a lymphatic malformation or the lymphatic
malformation is less than 3 cm in its greatest diameter during the MRI screening.

- Has had extensive prior surgery or sclerotherapy to treat LM such that scarring may
interfere with evaluation and treatment effect of sildenafil.

- Have had recurrent infection and significant scarring of the lesion secondary to
infection to such an extent that the that scarring may interfere with evaluation and
treatment effect of sildenafil

- Known to have an allergy to sildenafil.

- Has ulcerated or currently infected LMs.

- Has diagnosis of the soft tissue tumor as LM not clinically certain.

- Participating in another clinical study which may interfere.

- Has a history of priapism or is diagnosed with sickle cell anemia or any other
disorder which may predispose to priapism.