Preventing Loss of Independence Through Exercise (PLIE) in Persons With Dementia

The goal of the proposed study is to perform a randomized, controlled trial (RCT) to test the
efficacy of a novel integrative exercise program called Preventing Loss of Independence
through Exercise (PLIE) on function and quality of life in older Veterans living in the
community with dementia. Dementia is a devastating condition that affects nearly 1 in 10
older Veterans (~1 million individuals). Current dementia medications have minimal impact on
function and quality of life and do not stop or slow the disease course; however, there is
growing evidence that behavioral interventions such as exercise have a variety of beneficial
effects in individuals with dementia. PLIE was developed based on recent discoveries in
neuroscience and experimental psychology that have found that, although explicit memory (the
ability to consciously recall new information) is impaired in individuals with dementia,
implicit memory (unconscious learning that typically occurs through repeated exposure) is
relatively preserved. Therefore, PLIE focuses on training procedural memory (unconscious
learning of procedures) to build the strength and capacity to perform the movements that are
most needed for daily function (e.g., transitioning safely from sitting to standing). In
addition, to maximize the benefits of the training, PLIE integrates elements of Eastern and
Western exercise modalities to develop mindful body awareness and enhance social connection.
The investigators have recently completed a pilot study of the PLIE program at an adult day
center in San Francisco, CA, finding that it was associated with clinically meaningful
improvements in cognitive function, physical performance and quality of life as well as
reduced caregiver burden when compared with usual care at the facility. The current study
will enable the investigators to build on these pilot study results by performing a
full-scale RCT at adult day centers in Northern California. Most VA Medical Centers currently
contract with community-based organizations to provide adult day care to eligible Veterans
with dementia. Therefore, sites for the current study will be adult day centers that have
current contracts with local VA medical centers. Within each center, study participants will
be randomly assigned to receive the PLIE intervention program (1 hour, 2-3 days/week, 4
months) or Usual Care (UC) control (standard center activities, 1 hour, 2-3 days/week, 4
months) (N=120, 60/group) using a waitlist design. The co-primary outcomes are 4-month change
in physical function (Short Physical Performance Battery, SPPB), cognitive function
(Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale - cognitive subscale, ADAS-cog) and quality of life
(Quality of Life in Alzheimer's Disease, QOL-AD). Changes in caregiver feelings (Caregiver
Burden Inventory, CBI; Positive Aspects of Caregiving, PAC), fear of falling (Falls Efficacy
Scale, FES), independence (Disability Assessment for Dementia, DAD) and dementia-related
behaviors (Neuropsychiatric Inventory, NPI) will be examined as secondary outcomes. To
account for the waitlist design, all outcomes will be assessed at baseline, 4 months and 8
months. The proposed project will address a critically important Veterans' health problem
related to optimizing functional status and quality of life in older Veterans with dementia.
It is directly responsive to Request for Applications (RFA) RX-14-011 (RR&D Merit Review
Award for Research on Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Parkinson's Disease and Alzheimer's
Disease), which has identified "pioneering new and innovative rehabilitation methodologies to
restore function and improve quality of life for Veterans living with [these]
neurodegenerative diseases" as a "major focus." Many patients and caregivers currently feel
that little is being done to help individuals with dementia maintain function and quality of
life. The current study will utilize rigorous research methods to test the efficacy of an
innovative and promising new program for older adults with dementia. If the program is
successful, the investigators will work with VA and community-based organizations to
implement PLIE more broadly.

Inclusion Criteria:

- 120 dyads of individuals with dementia and their primary caregivers will be enrolled,
with a goal of 20 dyads per intervention site.

- Veterans with dementia will be prioritized for enrollment at each site.

- Enrollment will be opened to non-Veterans with dementia at the site if there are not
an adequate number of Veterans to fill the group.

- Caregivers are not required to be Veterans, but their participation is necessary
because they are providing care to the primary participants, many of whom will be
Veterans.

Inclusion criteria, primary participant:

- diagnosis of memory loss or dementia

- mild to moderate severity (defined as Clinical Dementia Rating of 0.5, 1 or 2)

- English language fluency

- attendance or willingness to attend adult day health center at least 2 days/week on
days that PLIE will be offered

Inclusion criteria, caregivers:

- Provide care for primary participant

- Able to answer study questionnaires related to participant's functional status,
dementia-related behaviors, quality of life and their own burden.

- English language fluency

Exclusion Criteria:

Exclusion criteria, primary participant:

- Plans to change days of attendance during the study period so that participant would
no longer be attending on at least 2 PLIE days/week.

- Planning to leave the facility during the study period and not willing to come for
PLIE classes at least 2 days/week

- Severe vision or hearing impairment (e.g., unable to see or hear well enough to follow
instructions)

- Several physical impairment (e.g., paralysis or hemi-paralysis; wheel-chair or bed
bound)

- Severe mental health condition (e.g., uncontrolled depression, PTSD, bipolar disorder)

- Limited life expectancy (e.g., enrolled in or eligible for hospice; metastatic cancer)

- Started dementia medication (cholinesterase inhibitor or memantine) in past 3 months.

- Planning to change dementia medication during the study period

- Current participation in another research study

- Lack of legally authorized representative to provide consent

- Lack of consent/assent to study procedures

Exclusion criteria, caregivers:

- Severe vision or hearing impairment (e.g., unable to see or hear well enough to follow
instructions)

- Several physical impairment (e.g., paralysis or hemi-paralysis; wheel-chair or bed
bound)

- Severe mental health condition (e.g,. uncontrolled depression, PTSD, bipolar)

- Limited life expectancy (e.g., enrolled in or eligible for hospice; metastatic cancer)

- lack of consent