Investigation of Teacher-Mediated Toilet Training Using a Manualized Moisture Alarm Intervention

The goals of this proposed study is to develop a teacher-mediated model of toileting
instruction for children with ASD in school settings that incorporates our innovative
manualized moisture pager intervention (i.e., the MP intervention) and conduct a randomized
controlled trial (RCT) to compare the efficacy of the MP intervention with a standard
behavioral treatment (SBT).

The specific aims and related hypotheses of this proposed study are:

Aim 1: To prepare the teacher-mediated moisture pager (MP) intervention for large-scale
testing in classroom settings by modifying the current parent manual for classroom use and
evaluating the feasibility of the study protocol.

Hypothesis 1. The study protocol will be feasible, as indicated by achievement of recruitment
targets, successful randomization, and 80% retention of both participating classroom staff
and children with ASD with complete data collection.

Hypothesis 2. Teachers will deliver MP and standard behavioral treatment (SBT) intervention
with >80% fidelity (as rated from teacher training fidelity checklists), and teachers in the
MP and SBT intervention groups will adhere to the intervention with >80% fidelity (as rated
from treatment fidelity checklists).

Hypothesis 3. Teachers participating in the MP group will report greater satisfaction with MP
toilet training experience than teachers participating in the SBT group, based on teacher
satisfaction surveys.

Aim 2: To compare the efficacy of the MP intervention and SBT by conducting an RCT (N= 30
classrooms with a total of 60 children with ASD aged 3 - 10 years).

Hypothesis 4. At the close of a 3-month intervention period, children in the MP group will
have fewer toileting accidents and higher rate of toilet use for urination than children in
the SBT group, based on data collected by teachers on pen-and-paper toileting data logs.

Hypothesis 5. At 3 months following the close of intervention, teachers in the MP group will
report fewer toileting accidents and a higher rate of toileting success than children in the
SBT group, as indicated through completion of toileting data logs for 3 consecutive days.

Inclusion Criteria:

Inclusion criteria for participating children are as follows:

1. ASD diagnosis confirmed through administration of the ADOS-2,

2. status consistent with DSM-5 diagnosis of primary daytime enuresis, with the exception
of DSM-5 criterion that child is at least 5 years old, confirmed by the K-SADS,

3. a positive determination of readiness for toilet training, as determined through a
Toileting Readiness Checklist, developed through a review of relevant literature on
toilet training children with ASD (with 4 out of 7 signs in the checklist, with 3 of
these criteria required),

4. not on medication or stable for the past three months with no anticipated changes
during the three-month intervention period, and

5. consent from participating teachers and parents.

Exclusion Criteria:

Exclusion criteria are:

1. medical conditions that would interfere with toilet training procedures and are not
well controlled (e.g., diabetes, urinary tract infection, or seizures),

2. physical disorder that may contribute to incontinence (e.g., physical disabilities,
chronic constipation) and

3. medication for enuresis.