Exercise and Cognitive Training

Impaired cognitive functioning is a common feature of schizophrenia and other serious mental
illnesses that is related to poorer psychosocial functioning and less benefit from
psychiatric rehabilitation. Research shows that cognitive remediation for persons with
serious mental illness improves cognitive functioning and response to psychiatric
rehabilitation. There is also evidence that physical activity such as aerobic exercise
confers a benefit to cognitive functioning in both clinical and general population samples.
The cognitive benefit of exercise is hypothesized to be the result of enhanced brain-derived
neurotrophic factor (BDNF; a protein that promotes plasticity, reduces degeneration, and
stimulates nerve cell survival). However, the potential synergistic effects of cognitive
remediation and exercise on cognitive functioning have not been investigated in persons with
serious mental illness. This pilot randomized controlled trial will evaluate the impact of
adding a peer run exercise program to a standardized cognitive remediation program on
cognitive functioning in 30 people with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder or bipolar
disorder. All study participants will receive a 10-week cognitive remediation program shown
in previous research to improve cognitive functioning. One-half (N = 15) of the participants
will also receive a peer-led exercise program designed to promote cardiovascular fitness. The
primary research questions addressed are: 1) Does the addition of the exercise program to
cognitive remediation lead to greater improvements in cognitive functioning than cognitive
remediation alone?, and, 2) Are improvements in cognitive functioning mediated (explained) by
exercise-induced increases in BDNF? The results of this pilot study will inform the design of
a larger, more definitive trial to evaluate the potential benefits of combining cognitive
remediation and exercise in improving cognitive functioning and response to psychiatric
rehabilitation.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. a DSM-5 diagnosis of schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder or bipolar disorder based
on the Structured Diagnostic Interview for DSM-5;

2. no changes in prescribed psychotropic medication dosage or type for at least 1 month;

3. medical clearance from a physician to participate in the exercise program;

4. currently exhibiting a sedentary lifestyle, as defined by exercising less than 3
days/wk for at least 20 minutes each time;

5. no current active suicidal ideation; and 6) fluent in English.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. positive screen for a major neurocognitive disorder (as indicated by a score below 23
on the Folstein Mini Mental Exam or a positive score on the HELPS Brain Injury
Screening using only cognitive items for "P" items);

2. DSM-5 diagnosis of substance use disorder other than nicotine or caffeine in the last
6 months, or bulimia within the last 6 months;

3. body mass index greater than 45; a BMI of 45 was selected as the upper limit in order
to screen out individuals with Class III obesity who might be more prone to
musculoskeletal injuries than individuals with a BMI at or less than 45; and

4. for women, currently pregnant, plans to be pregnant in the next year, or currently
breastfeeding.