Thyroid Hormone to Induce Non-Insulin Mediated Glucose Disposal in People With Insulin Receptor Mutations

Background

Patients with mutations of the insulin receptor have extreme insulin resistance. This
frequently results in diabetes in childhood that is extremely difficult to manage with
conventional diabetes therapies, including insulin at doses 10-50 fold higher than usual.
Poorly controlled diabetes, in tum, leads to microvascular complications (e.g. blindness) and
early death. Hyperthyroidism, whether endogenous (e.g. Graves' disease) or exogenous,
increases energy expenditure, activates brown adipose tissue, and enhances skeletal muscle
perfusion, leading to enhanced glucose disposal. In a single patient with mutation of the
insulin receptor and poorly controlled diabetes despite maximal therapy, iatrogenic mild
hyperthyroidism for treatment of thyroid cancer resulted in normalization of glycemia
control, suggesting that thyroid hormone treatment could have therapeutic benefit in this
rare disease.

Aim

The purpose ofthis study is to determine if treatment with thyroid hormone will increase
glucose disposal in patients with mutations ofthe insulin receptor, and thereby improve
glycemia control. The hypotheses to be tested are:

1. Thyroid hormone will increase whole-body glucose disposal in patients with insulin
receptor mutations.

2. This increased glucose disposal will be mediated via increased glucose uptake in BAT and
muscle.

3. Increases in glucose disposal will result in improved glycemia control.

Methods

This study is a non-randomized pre-post design, conducted in two sequential parts. Part 1 is
a short-term (2 week) proof-of-principle study to test whether thyroid hormone will increase
glucose disposal in patients with insulin receptor mutations (with or without diabetes), and
the mechanisms by which increased glucose disposal occurs. Part 2 is a longer term (6 month)
therapeutic study to test whether thyroid hormone will result in improved glycemia control in
diabetic patients with insulin receptor mutations.

- 2 WEEKS STUDY:

INCLUSION CRITRIA:

1. Mutation of the insulin receptor (either recessive or dominant negative). If mutation
status is not known prior to enrollment, subjects will undergo genotyping at enrollment. In
the unanticipated event that a patient does not have a mutation of the insulin receptor, he
or she will not complete the study and his or her data will not be included in the
analysis.

EXCLUSION CRITERIA:

1. Changes in doses of diabetes medications (including metformin, insulin, sulfonylureas,
thiazolidinediones, leptin, GLP-1 agonists, DPP4 inhibitors, etc.) in the preceding 10
weeks.

2. Any medical condition or medication that will increase risk to the subject (e.g.
ischemic or structural heart disease, congestive heart failure, uncontrolled
hypertension, or arrhythmia) or that will interfere with interpretation of study data.

3. Disorders that would lead to erratic gastrointestinal absorption or loss of thyroid
hormone from the gut (severe diarrhea, celiac disease, use of bile acid sequestrants,
excessive consumption of soybean products).

4. Any form of endogenous hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism at baseline.

5. Current or recent (past 8 weeks) use of thyroid hormone or anti-thyroid drugs.

6. Extreme disorders of thyroid hormone binding to thyroid binding globulin (excess or
deficiency) or protein loss (nephrotic range proteinuria) that would lead to
difficulties achieving a consistent thyroid hormone level for study.

7. Known presence of a rare clinical disorder that leads to thyroid hormone insensitivity
(known T3 receptor mutations, selenocysteine insertion sequence-binding protein 2
(SBP2) abnormalities, monocarboxylate transporter defects).

8. Current use of beta blockers

9. Pregnancy or breast feeding

10. Any EKG abnormality that could increase risk of T3 treatment (resting sinus
tachycardia (age adjusted norms), atrial fibrillation, myocardial ischemia, left or
right ventricular excitation block, left ventricular hypertrophy or extrasystoles)

11. Known allergy or hypersensitivity to any form of thyroid hormone

12. Known adrenal insufficiency

13. Dependence on oral anticoagulant medications (adults only)

14. Use of tricyclic anti-depressants, as transient cardiac arrhythmias have been observed
with the concomitant use of thyroid hormone.

15. Use of cholestyramine.

16. History of clinically significant osteoporosis per investigator judgment (e.g.
previous fragility fracture)

6 MONTHS STUDY:

Patients must meet all inclusion and exclusion criteria for the short-term study, plus have
poorly controlled diabetes, defined as a hemoglobin A1c greater than or equal to 7%.