Changes in Hemodynamic Values With Posture

Invasive monitoring is a common method used in intensive care units to measure cardiovascular
status. These parameters include central venous pressure (CVP), pulmonary artery pressure
(PAP) cardiac output (CO) and arterial blood pressure (BP). There is a general understanding
that these parameters vary with the position of the patient with the expectation that, as the
patient goes from supine to sitting, these parameters decrease to some extent due to
decreased venous return to the heart. Furthermore, the extent to which a patient might be
reclining in bed can vary greatly from just having the head slightly raised to being totally
upright. Different policies exist with respect to patient position when these measurements
are made. The policies vary from no specified position to placing them completely flat for
making the measurement and then returning them to a more upright position, usually 30 or 45
degrees. Decisions are based upon the supine measurements despite no clear correlation to the
patient's usual position. This study will investigate the correlation between position and
these parameters.

Patients in the HVICU will be approached by a member of the research team and asked for their
verbal approval to record measurements made by their nurse. After receiving verbal consent to
record the measurements, a member of the study team will record BP. CVP, PAP and CO as
measured by the patient's nurse. These measurements will be recorded with the patient lying
on the bed with the back of the bed raised to 30o and with the patient supine when the back
of the bed is at 0o. The transducers will be leveled with the anterior axillary by zeroing of
the transducer. After each position change, the team member will ask the nurse to wait 5
minutes to allow stabilization of these parameters before measuring and recording the
parameters at that position. These parameters will be recorded on an hourly basis using the
day for as many days as the required measurements are being made for clinical care. Other
patient information recorded will be date, ejection fraction, BMI, height, weight, age, and
PEEP, if the patient is intubated.

Sixty patients between 18 and 85 years of age will be recruited in HVICU by means of
convenience sampling. The sample size was calculated based on the initial measurement of CVP
where our preliminary data shows a mean difference 1.28±2.93 mmHg, and assuming that values
with a difference < 3 are equivalent, with an α = 0.05 and a power of 90. The calculation was
done at the following website: http://www.sealedenvelope.com/power/continuous-equivalence.
Data will be analyzed using a test of equivalence on the initial measurements (test of
equivalence between two means) and then over time (repeated measurements) with a linear
mixed-effects model.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Adult patients (18 to 85 years of age) in the HVICU

2. Have indwelling CVP or PA catheter.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Patients who have just undergone mitral valve surgery

2. Patients that have PEEP > 10cmH2O