Pragmatic Randomized Trial of Proton vs. Photon Therapy for Patients With Non-Metastatic Breast Cancer: A Radiotherapy Comparative Effectiveness (RADCOMP) Consortium Trial

Because no one knows which radiation treatment is best, if you decide to take part in this
study, you will be randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatment groups, and then you will begin
radiation treatment according to usual medical practice. Randomly assigning you to a group
helps makes sure that each group has a similar mix of patients and makes the study better -
and is only done when doctors are not sure whether one treatment is better than the other.
You have an equal chance of getting into either treatment group, like a coin flip. Both you
and your doctor will be told which treatment you will get.

No matter which group patients are in, doctors will work very carefully to reduce the
radiation to healthy tissues. Both groups will followed for at least 10 years after
completing radiation therapy. The results of this study will help decide which radiation is
best for future patients with your type of breast cancer.

Inclusion Criteria:

- Females or males diagnosed with pathologically (histologically) proven invasive
mammary carcinoma (ductal, lobular or other) of the breast who have undergone either
mastectomy or lumpectomy with any type of axillary surgery or axillary sampling.

- For patients who have undergone lumpectomy, any type of mastectomy and any type of
reconstruction (including no reconstruction) are allowed.

- For patients who have undergone lumpectomy, there are no breast size limitations.

- Patients with non-metastatic breast cancer are eligible. This includes American Joint
Committee on Cancer (AJCC) 7th edition left- or right-sided breast cancer clinical or
pathologic stage I, II, III or loco-regionally recurrent at time of diagnosis. For
patients that receive neoadjuvant chemotherapy, AJCC 7th edition left- or right-sided
breast cancer pathologic stage yp 0, I, II, III are eligible.

- Bilateral breast cancer is permitted. Patients with bilateral breast cancer will be
stratified as left-sided.

- Must be proceeding with breast/chest wall and nodal radiation therapy including
internal mammary node treatment.

- Must have a pertinent history/physical examination within 90 days prior to
registration.

- Age ≥ 21 years

- ECOG Performance Status 0 - 2 (asymptomatic to symptomatic but capable of self-care)
within 90 days prior to randomization.

- Confirmation that the patient's health insurance will pay for the treatment in this
study (patients may still be responsible for some costs, such as co-pays and
deductibles). If the patient's insurance will not cover a specific treatment in this
study and the patient still wants to participate, confirmation that the patient would
be responsible for paying for any treatment received.

- Patients who are HIV positive are eligible, provided they are under treatment with
highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and have a CD4 count ≥ 200
cells/microliter within 180 days prior to registration as documented in the medical
record. HIV testing is not required for eligibility for this protocol.

- The patient must provide study-specific informed consent prior to study entry.

Exclusion Criteria

- Definitive clinical or radiologic evidence of metastatic disease, as documented by the
treating institution.

- Prior radiotherapy to the ipsilateral chest wall or ipsilateral breast or thorax.
Individuals with prior radiotherapy in the contralateral breast or chest wall are
eligible.

- Any radiation therapy for the currently diagnosed breast cancer prior to
randomization.

- Dermatomyositis with a CPK level above normal or with an active skin rash or
scleroderma.

- Other non-malignant systemic disease that would preclude the patient from receiving
study treatment or would prevent required follow-up.