Neural Correlates of Successful Cognitive Aging

Normal aging is associated with gradual cognitive declines. These mild neurocognitive
disturbances affect daily functioning, health status, and quality of life, and likely account
for the roughly $2.9 billion lost by the elderly each year to fraud. People are paying
millions out of pocket for cognitive training programs like Lumosity to stave off these
declines. These cognitive decreases have been strongly associated with normal age-dependent
declines in neural structure and function, including cortical thickness decreases
(approximately 0.02 mm per decade) across most of the cortical mantle, as well as decreases
in the volume of the hippocampus (approximately 1-2% annually), white matter microstructure,
and functional connectivity across the brain. Life expectancy is increasing and so
identifying interventions that can be widely implemented and that can slow or reverse normal
cognitive decline are clinical and public health priorities. Some training programs can
improve cognitive performance in cognitively normal older adults, and gains are maintained
post training. The investigators hypothesize that different techniques to boost cognition
likely works through different neural mechanisms, and thus may provide different cognitive
benefits. The goal of this project is to compare two different 8-week training programs to
promote successful neural and cognitive aging. Changes in neural structure and cognitive
function will be assessed in a cohort of older adults, as well as the long-term stability of
these changes over 24 months.

Inclusion Criteria:

- 65-80 years of age

- Right-handed

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Lifetime history of schizophrenia or psychosis. Any other Axis I diagnosis in the past
12 months.

2. Subjects must not endorse suicidality, homicidality or self-destructive acts or urges
as assessed through a structured clinical interview (SCID)

3. History of seizure or significant head trauma (i.e., extended loss of consciousness,
neurological sequelae, or known structural brain lesion).

4. Neurological or medical conditions that would interfere with study procedures or
confound results, such as conditions that alter cerebral blood flow or metabolism.

5. Use of psychotropic medications within 12 months prior to study.

6. Daily use of any medication that alters neural metabolism or blood flow.

7. Any concurrent psychotherapy.

8. Having taken no more than 8 meditation classes (or related practices such as yoga, Tai
Chi, or Chi Gong) of any kind in the past 6 months, or more than 15 classes in the
past 12 months.

9. Pregnancy.

10. Metallic implants or devices contraindicating magnetic resonance imaging.

11. Claustrophobia