Dose Response of Epinephrine

Inclusion Criteria:

- healthy controls age 18-55 yr.

- Body mass index >21 kg · m-2

Exclusion Criteria:

- Pregnant or breastfeeding women

- Subjects unwilling or unable to comply with approved contraception measures

- Subjects unable to give voluntary informed consent

- Subjects on anticoagulant drugs, anemic or with known bleeding diatheses

- Subjects with a history of severe, uncontrolled hypertension, heart disease,
cerebrovascular incidents

- Current tobacco use

- Subjects with any known allergies to any of the study medications being used

Physical Exam Exclusion Criteria

- Uncontrolled severe hypertension (i.e., blood pressure greater than 160/100)

- Clinically significant cardiac abnormalities (e.g. heart failure, arrhythmia)

- Pneumonia treatment or hospitalization within 2 weeks prior to enrollment (study
visit)

- Hepatic failure / jaundice

- Renal failure

- Cerebrovascular accident occurrence or hospitalization within 4 weeks prior to
enrollment

- Fever greater than 38.0 degrees C

Screening Laboratory Tests Exclusion Criteria

- Hematocrit lower than 32 %

- White blood cell (WBC) count lower than 3 thou/ul or greater than 14 thou/ul

- Liver function tests: serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and serum
glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) greater than twice upper limit of normal range

- Alkaline phosphatase greater than 150U/L

- Total bilirubin (TBil) greater than 2 mg/dl

- Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2

- Positive human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Hepatitis B or Hepatitis C

- Any abnormal cardiac response during multi-stage exercise test (if over 40 years of
age)