Dietary Nitrate and Nitrite to Increase Nitric Oxide in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease
| Status: | Completed |
|---|---|
| Conditions: | Peripheral Vascular Disease, Cardiology |
| Therapuetic Areas: | Cardiology / Vascular Diseases |
| Healthy: | No |
| Age Range: | 22 - Any |
| Updated: | 4/21/2016 |
| Start Date: | September 2003 |
Dietary Nitrate/Nitrite as Sources of Bioactive Nitric Oxide in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease
This study will determine whether dietary nitrates and nitrites can produce nitric oxide in
the body and dilate blood vessels in patients with coronary artery disease. Nitric oxide is
normally made by endothelial cells that line blood vessels. It plays an important role in
maintaining the normal function of arteries by keeping them open and preventing damage from
substances such as cholesterol in the blood stream. Coronary artery disease is caused by
atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries or build-up of cholesterol and scar tissue within
the walls of the arteries). Once arteries become clogged, the ability of the endothelium to
produce nitric oxide diminishes considerably and may speed up the disease process, leading
to shortness of breath, chest pain, and an increased risk of heart attack or stroke.
Patients 21 years of age and older with coronary artery disease may be eligible for this
study. Participants will have a medical history and physical examination, electrocardiogram
(recording of the electrical activity of the heart), echocardiogram (ultrasound test of the
heart), treadmill exercise stress test (see below), and will meet with a dietitian. They
will be hospitalized at the NIH Clinical Center on two occasions. For 1 week before each
admission, they will follow a diet prescribed by an NIH nutritionist. The diet before one
admission will be high in nitrates and nitrites, and the diet before the other admission
will be low in nitrates and nitrites. Each admission will last 4 days, during which
participants will undergo the following tests:
- Forearm blood flow study: Small tubes are placed in the artery and vein at the inside
of the elbow of the dominant arm (right- or left-handed) and a small tube is placed in
a vein of the other arm. The tubes are used for infusing saline (salt water) and for
drawing blood samples. A pressure cuff is placed around the upper part of the dominant
arm, and a rubber band device called a strain gauge is also placed around the arm to
measure blood flow. When the cuff is inflated, blood flows into the arm, stretching the
strain gauge at a rate proportional to the flow. Maximum grip-strength of the dominant
arm is measured with a dynamometer. Forearm blood flow is measured and blood samples
are drawn at the following times: 20 minutes after the tubes are placed; during a
hand-grip exercise; and 4 minutes after the exercise is completed.
- Brachial artery reactivity study: This test measures h...
the body and dilate blood vessels in patients with coronary artery disease. Nitric oxide is
normally made by endothelial cells that line blood vessels. It plays an important role in
maintaining the normal function of arteries by keeping them open and preventing damage from
substances such as cholesterol in the blood stream. Coronary artery disease is caused by
atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries or build-up of cholesterol and scar tissue within
the walls of the arteries). Once arteries become clogged, the ability of the endothelium to
produce nitric oxide diminishes considerably and may speed up the disease process, leading
to shortness of breath, chest pain, and an increased risk of heart attack or stroke.
Patients 21 years of age and older with coronary artery disease may be eligible for this
study. Participants will have a medical history and physical examination, electrocardiogram
(recording of the electrical activity of the heart), echocardiogram (ultrasound test of the
heart), treadmill exercise stress test (see below), and will meet with a dietitian. They
will be hospitalized at the NIH Clinical Center on two occasions. For 1 week before each
admission, they will follow a diet prescribed by an NIH nutritionist. The diet before one
admission will be high in nitrates and nitrites, and the diet before the other admission
will be low in nitrates and nitrites. Each admission will last 4 days, during which
participants will undergo the following tests:
- Forearm blood flow study: Small tubes are placed in the artery and vein at the inside
of the elbow of the dominant arm (right- or left-handed) and a small tube is placed in
a vein of the other arm. The tubes are used for infusing saline (salt water) and for
drawing blood samples. A pressure cuff is placed around the upper part of the dominant
arm, and a rubber band device called a strain gauge is also placed around the arm to
measure blood flow. When the cuff is inflated, blood flows into the arm, stretching the
strain gauge at a rate proportional to the flow. Maximum grip-strength of the dominant
arm is measured with a dynamometer. Forearm blood flow is measured and blood samples
are drawn at the following times: 20 minutes after the tubes are placed; during a
hand-grip exercise; and 4 minutes after the exercise is completed.
- Brachial artery reactivity study: This test measures h...
Nitric oxide (NO) is a soluable gas continuously synthesized by the endothelium that
contributes importantly to vasodilator tone of the coronary and systemic circulations by
activating guanylyl cyclase in vascular smooth muscle, causing relaxation. Patients with
coronary artery disease, however, have deficient synthesis or increased degradation of NO
due to endothelial damage or dysfunction. Reduced NO could contribute to symptoms and
progression of coronary artery disease through vasoconstriction, platelet activation,
inflammatory cell attachment to the arterial wall, and increased growth of cellular elements
of the vessel wall. We have recently determined that nitrite, formed by the auto-oxidation
of NO, can be converted to bioactive NO, in part through reactions with deoxyheme proteins
that exist not only in red blood cells, but also within the vessel wall. An alternative
source of bioactive NO may be via the diet, as nitrates reductases present in oral bacteria.
Nitrite may then be converted to NO within the acidic environment in the stomach and
absorbed into the bloodstream, or absorbed directly and converted to NO in the bloodstream
via reaction with deoxyheme proteins. This study is designed to determine the contribution
of daily nitrate/nitrite to NO adducts in blood and to vascular dilator tone assessed
directly in the forearm and indirectly through treadmill exercise testing. Findings in this
study may have important clinical implications not only in coronary artery disease, but also
in other conditions associated with regional endothelial dysfunction and reduced endothelial
NO bioactivity (e.g., hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, cigarette
smoking, estrogen deficiency), and possibly account for the cardiovascular benefit of diets
rich in vegetables shown in epidemiological survey studies.
contributes importantly to vasodilator tone of the coronary and systemic circulations by
activating guanylyl cyclase in vascular smooth muscle, causing relaxation. Patients with
coronary artery disease, however, have deficient synthesis or increased degradation of NO
due to endothelial damage or dysfunction. Reduced NO could contribute to symptoms and
progression of coronary artery disease through vasoconstriction, platelet activation,
inflammatory cell attachment to the arterial wall, and increased growth of cellular elements
of the vessel wall. We have recently determined that nitrite, formed by the auto-oxidation
of NO, can be converted to bioactive NO, in part through reactions with deoxyheme proteins
that exist not only in red blood cells, but also within the vessel wall. An alternative
source of bioactive NO may be via the diet, as nitrates reductases present in oral bacteria.
Nitrite may then be converted to NO within the acidic environment in the stomach and
absorbed into the bloodstream, or absorbed directly and converted to NO in the bloodstream
via reaction with deoxyheme proteins. This study is designed to determine the contribution
of daily nitrate/nitrite to NO adducts in blood and to vascular dilator tone assessed
directly in the forearm and indirectly through treadmill exercise testing. Findings in this
study may have important clinical implications not only in coronary artery disease, but also
in other conditions associated with regional endothelial dysfunction and reduced endothelial
NO bioactivity (e.g., hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, cigarette
smoking, estrogen deficiency), and possibly account for the cardiovascular benefit of diets
rich in vegetables shown in epidemiological survey studies.
- INCLUSION CRITERIA:
Adults older than 21 years.
Coronary artery disease established by angiography.
No myocardial infarction within 1 month.
Left ventricular ejection fraction greater than 30%.
No congestive heart failure symptoms within 2 months.
Subject provides written, informed consent.
EXCLUSION CRITERIA:
Significant structural heart disease (e.g. hypertrophic or dilated cardiomyopathy,
valvular heart disease) as determined by echocardiography.
Subject physically unable to perform treadmill exercise due to neurologic or orthopedic
conditions.
Hypersensitivity to organ nitrates.
Insulin-dependant diabetes mellitus.
Coumadin therapy (because of vitamin K content of green leafy vegetables).
Women of childbearing age unless recent pregnancy test is negative.
Lactating women.
Unwillingness to adhere to dietary requirements or allergy to necessary components of
diets, as determined during interview by the dietician.
Surgical or disease-related diminished acid secretion.
Significant non-cardiac disease.
We found this trial at
1
site
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, Maryland 20892
Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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