Fludarabine, Cyclophosphamide, and Total-Body Irradiation in Treating Patients Who Are Undergoing a Donor Bone Marrow Transplant for Hematologic Cancer

OBJECTIVES:

- Determine transplant-related mortality, risk of relapse, and progression-free survival
of patients with standard- or high-risk hematologic malignancies undergoing
nonmyeloablative conditioning comprising fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and total-body
irradiation followed by HLA-haploidentical allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.

- Determine donor hematopoietic chimerism in patients' peripheral blood at 30, 60, and
180 days after transplantation.

- Determine hematologic and nonhematologic toxic effects of this regimen in these
patients.

- Determine, when feasible, surface expression of HLA molecules and death receptors,
sensitivity to cytotoxic lymphocytes, and expression of anti-apoptotic genes (e.g.,
Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, X-IAP, and c-FLIP) in cancer cells from patients who relapse after
treatment with this regimen.

OUTLINE: This is a multicenter study. Patients are stratified according to risk of relapse
(standard [defined as ≤ 30% risk] vs high [defined as ≥ 70% risk]).

- Nonmyeloablative conditioning regimen: Patients receive fludarabine IV over 30 minutes
on days -6 to -2 and cyclophosphamide IV over 1-2 hours on days -6 and -5. Patients
undergo total body irradiation on day -1.

- Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: Patients undergo donor bone marrow infusion on
day 0.

- Post-transplantation therapy: Patients receive cyclophosphamide IV over 1-2 hours on
days 3 and 4.

- Graft-vs-host disease prophylaxis: Beginning on day 5, patients receive oral
mycophenolate mofetil 3 times daily until day 35 and tacrolimus IV (then changing to
orally) twice daily until day 180.

Treatment continues in the absence of disease progression.

After completion of study transplantation, patients are followed on days 30, 60, 100, and
180; at 1 year; and then annually for 4 additional years.

PROJECTED ACCRUAL: A total of 75-100 patients will be accrued for this study within 3-4
years.

DISEASE CHARACTERISTICS:

- Diagnosis of 1 of the following hematologic malignancies:

- Acute leukemia

- In second or subsequent complete remission (CR), as defined by absence of
abnormal blast population by flow cytometry

- In first CR with any of the following poor-risk cytogenetic features:

- Alteration of chromosome 5 or 7

- Multiple abnormalities

- Philadelphia chromosome positive

- Chronic phase chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)

- In first chronic phase and refractory to interferon alfa or imatinib
mesylate

- In second or subsequent chronic phase

- Chronic lymphocytic leukemia, meeting 1 of the following criteria:

- Received prior chemotherapy with a nucleoside analog and had remission
lasting < 6 months

- Received 1 prior therapy and has any of the following high-risk features:

- Cytogenetic abnormalities of 17p, 11q

- Mutations of the Zap70 gene

- Somatically unmutated immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region genes

- Hodgkin's lymphoma

- Ineligible for autologous stem cell transplantation (SCT) due to any of the
following exclusion factors:

- LVEF < 45%

- FEV_1 or FVC < 50% of predicted (75% of predicted in patients with
prior thoracic or mantle radiotherapy)

- Total bilirubin > 2.0 mg/dL (unless documented Gilbert's disease)

- Creatinine > 2.0 mg/dL

- Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL)

- Low-grade NHL allowed provided patient had a remission duration of < 1 year
after administration of any established, multi-agent chemotherapy regimen
(e.g., CVP, CHOP, or rituximab in combination with CHOP)

- Intermediate- or high-grade NHL allowed provided patient is ineligible for
autologous SCT according to the criteria listed above

- Multiple myeloma

- Myelodysplastic syndromes

- Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

- Chronic myeloproliferative disorders other than CML, including any of the
following:

- Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia

- Agnogenic myeloid metaplasia (or myeloid metaplasia with myelofibrosis),
with hemoglobin < 10 g/dL OR WBC < 4,000/mm^3 or > 30,000/mm^3

- Polycythemia vera or essential thrombocythemia in "spent" phase, with a
history of 2 of the following:

- Marrow fibrosis

- Splenomegaly

- Cytopenia (i.e., absolute neutrophil count < 1,500/mm^3, platelet
count < 100,000/mm^3, hemoglobin < 10 g/dL)

- Polycythemia vera or essential thrombocythemia with transformation to
myelodysplastic syndromes or acute myeloid leukemia (requires treatment to
achieve < 20% blasts in marrow)

- No smoldering myeloma

- Patients with acute myeloid leukemia or myelodysplastic syndromes must have had
comprehensive cytogenetic evaluation of bone marrow specimen during active disease

- Ineligible for or refused bone marrow transplantation from an HLA-matched sibling or
unrelated donor

- Ineligible for or refused autologous SCT

- Must have an HLA mismatched (i.e., 3/6, 4/6, or 5/6) related (first-degree relative)*
donor available

- Donor ≥ 18 years of age NOTE: *Patients with an inherited recombinant HLA
haplotype may receive marrow from the parent in whose gamete the recombination
occurred

NOTE: A new classification scheme for adult non-Hodgkin's lymphoma has been adopted by
PDQ. The terminology of "indolent" or "aggressive" lymphoma will replace the former
terminology of "low", "intermediate", or "high" grade lymphoma. However, this protocol
uses the former terminology.

PATIENT CHARACTERISTICS:

Age

- 6 months to 74 years

Performance status

- ECOG 0-1

Life expectancy

- Not specified

Hematopoietic

- See Disease Characteristics

Hepatic

- See Disease Characteristics

- Bilirubin < 3.1 mg/dL

Renal

- See Disease Characteristics

Cardiovascular

- See Disease Characteristics

- LVEF ≥ 35%

Pulmonary

- See Disease Characteristics

- FEV_1 or FVC ≥ 40% of predicted in patients without prior thoracic or mantle
radiotherapy (60% of predicted in patients with prior thoracic or mantle
radiotherapy)

Other

- Not pregnant or nursing

- Negative pregnancy test

- Fertile patients must use effective contraception

- HIV negative

- Geographically accessible

- No debilitating medical or psychiatric illness that would preclude giving informed
consent or receiving optimal treatment or follow-up

PRIOR CONCURRENT THERAPY:

Biologic therapy

- See Disease Characteristics

- No prior transfusions from donor

Chemotherapy

- See Disease Characteristics

Endocrine therapy

- Not specified

Radiotherapy

- See Disease Characteristics

Surgery

- Not specified