Healthy Transitions: Menopause Effect on Obesity, Energy Balance, and Insulin

The effect of menopause on body composition and cardiovascular risk in healthy caucasian
women has been the subject of much study. In contrast, there are few data available on
menopause in African-American women. Since menopause is associated with potentially
preventable health risks in women, this proposal is aimed at characterizing the
perimenopausal period in terms of body fat, energy balance, and insulin action in both
caucasian and African-American women.

The study will address 4 general hypotheses:

- Menopause increases both total and visceral abdominal fat

- Changes in body composition and body weight at menopause are mediated, at least in part
by changes in 24-hour energy expenditure and/or food intake

- Menopause results in decreased insulin sensitivity that may predispose certain women to
develop diabetes later in life

- African-American women may respond to the shifts in reproductive hormones at menopause
differently than caucasian women.

Inclusion Criteria:

- Age 47-52 yr, at time of enrollment

- Body Mass Index 25-40

- Normal oral glucose tolerance test by National Diabetes Data Group criteria

- Premenopausal, defined by FSH levels <30mIU/ml and at least 5 menstrual periods in
the last 6 months

- Able to confirm ethnic heritage of past 2 generations in family

Exclusion Criteria:

- hypertension or hypercholesterolemia requiring medication

- regular use of medications that influence glucose tolerance

- use of oral contraceptives within the past 6 months

- history of myocardial infarction or significant coronary vascular disease or stroke

- history of endocrine, kidney, or liver disease or malignancy

- any psychopathology, including eating disorders, substance abuse, and major
depression

- unable to complete longitudinal study commitment, including anticipating moving out
of the area within the next 5 years.