N2-(1-carboxyethyl)-2'Deoxyguanosine (CEdG) a Potential Biomarker for Diabetes

Primary Objective is to replicate and validate the CEdG assay to be used in human subjects. A
fully automated assay for urinary CEdG has been developed. the investigators will validate
the observations made in diabetic animal models in human subjects with and without type 2
diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Specifically, the investigators will investigate and establish the
inter- and intra-assay coefficients of variability in human subjects.

Secondary Objective is to determine the correlation between CEdG levels and hemoglobulin A1c
(HbA1c) in human subjects with T2DM and the response to diabetic treatment and to define the
relationship of CEdG with diabetic complications. The investigators will examine the
relationship of CEdG with glycemic control, based on HbA1c, which is the current gold
standard, in both patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. The investigators also compare
the changes in CEdG and Hb1Ac levels in response to diabetic treatment in diabetic patients.
The relationship of CEdG with diabetic complications will also be investigated in diabetic
patients.

Statistical considerations for the primary objective:

Sample Size: Because there are many more variables in human subjects, the investigators
calculated the sample size based on a much more conservative assumption than what the
investigators observed from diabetic animal models. The investigators are planning a study of
a continuous response variable from independent control and experimental subjects with 1
control per experimental subject. Based on the animal data, the investigators expect the
results within each subject group to be normally distributed with a standard deviation of
0.3. If the true difference in the mean between the diabetic and non-diabetic groups is 0.5,
the investigators will need to study 9 diabetic and 9 non-diabetic subjects to be able to
reject the null hypothesis that the population means of the experimental and control groups
are equal with probability (power) 0.9. The Type I error probability associated with this
test of this null hypothesis is 0.05. To account for a possible attrition rate of 30%, the
investigators will accrue 12 diabetic and 12 non-diabetic subjects to the study.

Statistical Analysis: The effect of diabetic status on urinary CEdG levels will be compared
using a Student's t-test. Differences in continuous variables between the groups of subjects
will be tested with either one-way ANOVA or Student's t-test when appropriate. Differences in
proportions will be evaluated by a chi-square test. The continuous variables, that fail the
Normality test, will be logarithmically transformed before analysis. To examine the influence
of confounding variables, a stepwise regression analysis will be used. A p value less than
0.05 will be considered statistically significant.

According to the NIH guidelines for validation of analytical methods for biomarkers used in
drug development, for small molecules, bioanalytical assays where the analytical run is
accepted as valid when at least 67% (4/6) of the quality controls fall within 15% of their
nominal value. The consistency of 6 repeated runs will be evaluated by Grubbs test for
repeatability within each subject. The overall consistency of CEdG measures can be quantified
by the proportion of subjects with 1+ identified outliers among the 6 repeated runs. To
obtain a baseline estimate of the consistency of the CEdG assay, the investigators will take
the number of those six measurements that fall within 15% of the mean as our outcome measure.
Definitive validation of a biomarker will require definitive quantitative or relative
quantitative assay approaches.

Statistical considerations for the secondary objective:

The investigators will regress study participants' values of y-var (HbA1c) against x-var
(CEdG). Prior data indicate that the standard deviation of x-var is 0.15 and the standard
deviation of the regression errors will be 0.15. If the true slope of the line obtained by
regressing y-var against x-var is 0.3, the investigators will need to study 89 subjects to be
able to reject the null hypothesis that this slope equals zero with probability (power) 0.8.
The Type I error probability associated with this test of this null hypothesis is 0.05.
Therefore, 100 subjects will be recruited for the study to account for potential attrition of
subjects.

Patient demographic and clinic characteristics will be tabulated using statistics of mean,
standard deviation, median, range, number and percentage when appropriate. CEdG data will be
analyzed as a continuous or transformed variable for the measured expression level. The
univariate correlation between the CEdG expression and each quantitative clinical measure
will be evaluated using Pearson correlation and its 95% confidence interval. The time trend
in longitudinal data and its possible interaction with other risk factors will be explored
using boxplots, fitted curves, generalized linear models, and generalized estimating
equations as appropriate. Estimated correlations between CEdG data and clinical endpoints,
and its possible time trends during the 12 month period will provide valuable information for
choosing the primary endpoint and sample size in a future larger scale correlation study.

Inclusion Criteria:

- 18 years of age or older

- Registered patient of City of Hope

- Documentation of a diagnosis of diabetes identified by the problem list in the
patient's electronic health record

Exclusion Criteria:

- Current pregnancy

- An active diagnosis of cancer, as CEdG levels may potentially be affected by malignant
processes