A Proposed Intervention to Decrease Resident-Performed Cataract Surgery Cancellation

Cataract surgery is the most commonly performed eye surgery in the US, and it is vital for
ophthalmology residents to have a high quality cataract surgery experience during their
supervised training years. This allows trainees to feel comfortable performing ocular
surgery and managing associated complications in a variety of clinical settings. Aspiring
ophthalmologists desire a high level of surgical comfort and competence, and often times,
prospective applicants to residency programs use the surgical volume and quality of
training, particularly cataract surgery, as a surrogate measure for the overall quality of
the residency program. This encourages residency programs to provide the most robust
surgical experience possible.

Residency programs provide various levels of exposure to cataract surgery during training,
from providing surgical stimulators to wet labs, where residents can practice surgical
maneuvers on pig or cow eyes. These studies show that using such devices improve a
resident's operative skill level, translating to greater efficiency and lower
intra-operative complication rates. While practice through wet labs and surgical stimulation
are clearly beneficial, there is no substitute for direct experience performing cataract
surgery in the operating room. Complication rates in resident-performed cataract surgery
were found to drop 50% after the resident's first 40 cases. A study evaluating the first
3000 phacoemulsification procedures of an experienced surgeon found a substantial decrease
in the rate of major complications after the first 100 procedures. Another study
investigating the first 1000 phacoemulsification cases performed by an experienced surgeon
found an 8.4% decrease in both major and minor complications after the first 150 cases (9.3%
to 0.9%).

Therefore, it is critical that ophthalmology residency programs provide a robust clinical
cataract curriculum that affords residents the ability to maximize their surgical exposure
and experience. Substantial exposure however, is prevented by the high rates of cancellation
of cataract surgeries. This is a widespread phenomenon seen at various eye care
institutions. A study of all eye surgeries cancelled at an ambulatory surgicenter in Boston
found a 5.3% cancellation rate within 24 hours of the procedure, leading to a loss of at
least $100,000 per year with 41% of cancellations considered preventable. Case cancellation
data for 123 Veterans Administration (VA) facilities throughout 2006 showed a 9%
cancellation rate for ophthalmic surgeries, with 35% of cancellations being due to "patient
factors" followed by 28% due to "work up/medical condition change".

A prior study at Wills Eye Hospital found that out of the 1,083 surgeries scheduled through
the Cataract and Primary Eye Care Clinic (CPEC) from 7/1/11 through 6/3/0/12, 319 (29.5%)
were canceled. Of these cancellations, 72% were cancelled within 7 days of the procedure,
not permitting enough time to reassign the operating room slot. Internal economic analysis
at Wills has estimated lost reimbursement of these cancellations was $607,946, with $391,884
of the lost revenue from facility fees. Additionally, this is a relative loss of 230
resident surgical experiences or 28.75 surgeries missed per resident. Considered together,
these findings mean that Wills Eye Hospital is not reaching its full clinical and economic
potential in providing cataract surgery experience; more specifically, the institution is
functioning at 86% of its capacity for cataract surgery procedures. It is apparent that the
high rate of cataract surgery cancellation affects this teaching hospital both academically
and economically. There is a cost to the residents who are losing valuable experience, the
attending staff, and the institution as a whole.

The prior study also revealed that the most common reason for cataract surgery cancellation
is patients' failure to complete pre-admission testing (PAT). While routine pre-operative
testing is not supported in otherwise healthy patients undergoing elective non-cardiac
surgeries, these tests are used to provide a baseline, elicit preventative measures and
minimize post-operative risk. Improvement of the pre-admission testing process is modifiable
and therefore presents an opportunity for intervention. Other modifiable reasons for
cancellation include lack of transportation, and failure to remember not to eat the night
before the procedure.

Past experience at Wills indicates that there are roughly 1100 resident cataract surgeries
scheduled each year. The cancellation rate for a similar period of time determined from
Assessing Cancellation Rates and Barriers to Completion of Resident Performed Cataract
Surgery at Wills Eye Hospital was 29.45%, or approximately 320 cancellations per year. The
investigators propose to test an intervention to address these modifiable reasons for
cancellation.

Patients will be randomized to either 1) the intervention group where on-site pre-admission
testing will be mandated or 2) the control group, where on-site pre-admission testing will
be offered but not mandated. The intervention will be coupled with personalized patient
communication appropriately timed before the scheduled procedure. Multiple studies have
shown that scheduled pre-operative visitation and assessment and enhanced communication
between the physician and the patient contribute to decreased cancellation of surgeries. It
has been found that anesthesia-run pre-operative clinic visits significantly decrease
cancellations and delays of same-day surgeries. Additionally, older patients were found to
have the greatest decrease in cancellation rates after preoperative anesthesia clinic
visits. At VA facilities throughout America, surgeons at low cancellation rate sites
reported higher use of written preoperative instructions and pre-operative clinic visits.
Cancellation rates will be collected prospectively and statistical analysis utilized to
evaluate the significance of intervention.

Inclusion Criteria:

- Any patient scheduled for cataract surgery in the resident CPEC clinic at Wills Eye
Hospital from the time period of 1/5/15 to 11/30/15.

Exclusion Criteria:

- All prisoners, nursing home, dialysis patients, and patients under 18 years of age
will be excluded from the study.